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Nanang Yunarto
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INDONESIA
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia
Published by Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan
ISSN : 2085675X     EISSN : 23548770     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Chemistry Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Traditional Medicines, and Pharmaceutical Care.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 12 Documents
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Search results for , issue "VOLUME 15, NUMBER 2, JULY-DECEMBER 2025" : 12 Documents clear
Evaluation of Virgin Coconut Oil Concentration Variations in Emulgel Formulations of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Extract as an Antibacterial Hand Sanitizer Rohmani, Sholichah; Fitria, Krismona Rizky Nur; Utami, Diyah Tri; Susanto, Nindita Clourisa Amaris; Ermawati, Dian Eka; Sasongko, Heru; Zulpadly, M. Fiqri; Darojati, Ulfa Afrinurfadhilah; Meitasari, Annisa Diyan; Aratanti, Anif Nur; Untari, Meta Kartika
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 15, NUMBER 2, JULY-DECEMBER 2025
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

One of the effective ways to stay healthy is maintaining cleanliness, including hand hygiene. Various diseases can be easily transmitted through the hands. However, modern developments have changed the habit of handwashing with water to using hand antiseptics. Hand sanitizer is an alternative to overcome this problem. Unfortunately, some hand sanitizer gels on the market still contain alcohol as an antibacterial ingredient. It is necessary to innovate in making hand sanitizers using non-alcoholic ingredients as antibacterials, for example, natural ingredients like garlic. Garlic contains allicin that functions as an antibacterial. Meanwhile, VCO contains high lauric acid with antibiotic properties that function as antiviral, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal. It also contains capric acid, with antiviral and antibacterial functions. This study aims to examine the effect of concentration variation of VCO on the physical stability of garlic extract emulgel preparation and antibacterial effectiveness against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The concentration variation of VCO in this study was 3%, 5%, and 7% for 3 types of formulas. The results showed that the concentration variation of VCO in emulgel preparations gave differences in the physical properties of the gel, including pH, viscosity, adhesive strength, and spreadability. It can be concluded that the higher the VCO concentration, the higher the pH, viscosity, and adhesive power, and the lower the spreadability and antibacterial inhibition power against Staphylococcus aureus. The best result from the evaluation of physicochemical properties and antibacterial tests was Formula 1, although it was still in the weak inhibitory power category.
Analysis of Characteristics, Fatty Acid Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Beta-sitosterol of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) Oil from Three Different Regions in Indonesia Chasanah, Uswatun; Yuliani, Sapto; Sugihartini, Nining
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 15, NUMBER 2, JULY-DECEMBER 2025
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Moringa oil offers a range of health, nutritional, and cosmetic benefits. However, its characteristics can vary greatly depending on its geographical origin. This study aimed to compare the physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity, and beta-sitosterol content of moringa oil obtained from three regions in Indonesia: Central Java, Central Sulawesi, and East Nusa Tenggara. The physicochemical properties examined include organoleptic, specific gravity, viscosity, refractive index, iodine value, acid value, saponification value, and peroxide value. Furthermore, the fatty acid composition was analyzed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID), antioxidant activity was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, and beta-sitosterol content was measured by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Physical attributes, such as viscosity and specific gravity, do not exhibit significant differences between the regions. At the same time, chemical parameters, which include iodine value, acid value, and saponification value, show considerable variations. Fatty acid profiles revealed that oils from Central Sulawesi and East Nusa Tenggara have high oleic acid and low polyunsaturated fat content, providing better oxidative stability and longer shelf life. In contrast, Central Java oil showed higher levels of linoleic and behenic acids, making it more suitable for sensitive skin and hair care applications. Central Java oil exhibits the highest antioxidant activity, whereas Central Sulawesi oil contains the highest concentration of beta-sitosterol, suggesting a more significant potential as an anti-inflammatory agent. These findings highlight the influence of regional origin on the quality of moringa oil, presenting exciting opportunities for further research in this field.
Comparison of Indonesian Herbal Drinks Empon-empon and Wedang Pokak for Vitamin C Content and Antioxidant Activity Hasanah, Nur; Utami, Sheila Meitania; Fu’adah, Intan Tsamrotul; Pomalingo, Dwina Ramadhani; Satria, Beny Maulana; Santoso, Pugoh; Tulandi, Silvester Maximus; Ismail, Ayu Indayanti
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 15, NUMBER 2, JULY-DECEMBER 2025
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Empon-Empon and Wedang Pokak are traditional Indonesian herbal drinks prepared from various spices through a simple production process. Empon-Empon consists of red ginger, turmeric, nutmeg, aromatic ginger, bay leaves, lemongrass, galangal, cinnamon, and cloves. At the same time, Wedang Pokak contains red ginger, cloves, lemongrass, cinnamon, cardamom, pandan leaves, and star anise. Both drinks are widely recognized as sources of antioxidants and vitamin C, and are believed to strengthen the immune system. This study aimed to determine the vitamin C content and antioxidant activity of Empon-Empon and Wedang Pokak. Vitamin C analysis was carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, which showed a maximum wavelength at 245 nm with a linear regression equation y = 0.0434x – 0.0967 (R² = 0.9942). The vitamin C content was 23.33 µg/mL (0.233%) in Empon-Empon and 20.28 µg/mL (0.202%) in Wedang Pokak. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH method, yielding inhibition percentages of 21.28% (20 µg/mL), 40.16% (40 µg/mL), 46.48% (60 µg/mL), and 59.67% (80 µg/mL) for Wedang Pokak, with an IC₅₀ value of 63.33 µg/mL. This activity was lower than Empon-Empon (IC₅₀ 40.53 µg/mL) and pure vitamin C (IC₅₀ 3.77 µg/mL). In conclusion, Empon-Empon exhibited higher vitamin C content and stronger antioxidant activity than Wedang Pokak, highlighting its potential as a functional drink to support health.
Safety and Efficacy of Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials Arief, Thendi Abdul; Pertiwi, Luthfiah; Budiarti, Niky; Da Costa, Yohanna Lawanda; Ambarsari, Paulina
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 15, NUMBER 2, JULY-DECEMBER 2025
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Preventing malaria in pregnant women is crucial, especially for the safety of both the mother and the baby, particularly in malaria-endemic areas. Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (DHP) is one of the options for Intermittent Preventive Treatment in pregnancy (IPTp). Although several previous studies have assessed DHP as a preventive antimalarial in pregnancy, this study systematically consolidates the most recent Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), reflecting new evidence and resistance trends to Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) across malaria-endemic regions. This study aims to review the safety and efficacy of DHP use during pregnancy. The methodology involved a comprehensive literature search from the databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Cochrane, published in English from 2020 to 2024. Inclusion criteria encompassed double-blind RCT evaluating the use of DHP during pregnancy. Exclusion criteria included studies that did not involve pregnant women, did not use DHP, and study designs other than double-blind RCT. The initial search yielded 255 articles. After screening for duplicates, a total of 50 duplicates were removed. Ultimately, 5 articles were identified after screening titles, abstracts, and full texts. The analysis results indicate that IPTp DHP is more effective in reducing the incidence of malaria compared to IPTp SP. However, IPTp SP is safer to use than IPTp DHP due to fewer adverse effects. The use of DHP may be considered for IPTp in cases of SP resistance. This review provides an updated synthesis of recent RCTs focusing on the comparative safety and efficacy of DHP versus SP in IPTp of malaria in pregnancy, highlighting recent evidence in the context of emerging SP resistance.
Formulation, Characterization, and Total Phenolic Content of Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) Leaf Extract Sunscreen Cream with Triethanolamine Base Comparison Mahdiyyah, Ade Abiyyatun; Farkhani, Aulia; Esadini, Ayu Rana; Pratama, Deri Putra; Cahyadi, Salwa Nisrina; Rifkia, Via
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 15, NUMBER 2, JULY-DECEMBER 2025
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) leaves contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. The phenolic and flavonoid compounds show strong antioxidant activity that can neutralize free radicals and protect the skin from oxidative damage. Despite its known photoprotective potential, the use of Moringa leaf extract in stable sunscreen cream formulations is still limited. Moreover, the influence of extract and emulsifier (triethanolamine) concentrations on the cream’s physical properties and their relation to total phenolic content has not been well studied. This study aimed to develop and evaluate Moringa leaf extract-based sunscreen creams with extract concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%, and triethanolamine concentrations of 1% and 1.5%. Eight formulas were prepared and evaluated for organoleptic characteristics, spreadability, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, phase separation, and emulsion type. The total phenolic content was also determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Results showed that increasing the concentration of extract and triethanolamine significantly affected the pH, spreadability, and viscosity of the cream (p < 0.05), while all remained within acceptable ranges for topical preparations. The total phenolic content increased proportionally with extract concentration, with Formula 8 (2.5% extract) showing the highest phenolic content of 25.12 mg GAE/g. These findings indicate that Moringa leaf extract has strong potential as a natural antioxidant and photoprotective agent for sunscreen cream formulations.
Formulation and Potency Extract Gel of Citrus Mistletoe Leaves (Dendrophthoe glabrescens (Blakely) Barlow) on Burn Wound Healing Udayani, Ni Nyoman Wahyu; Dewi, Ni Kadek Dhea Cipta
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 15, NUMBER 2, JULY-DECEMBER 2025
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Second-degree burns require effective topical therapy to accelerate tissue regeneration and prevent infection. Mistletoe leaves (Dendrophthoe glabrescens (Blakely) Barlow) are traditionally used and are known to be rich in secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an ethanol leaf extract gel of (Dendrophthoe glabrescens (Blakely) Barlow) in healing second-degree burns in white mice (Mus musculus). The gel was formulated at extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. A posttest-only control group design was employed, and the extract gel was applied for 14 days. The results demonstrated a significant increase in the percentage of wound healing, particularly at the 15% concentration, which approached the efficacy of the positive control. The flavonoid, saponin, and tannin activities in the (Dendrophthoe glabrescens (Blakely) Barlow) leaf extract play crucial roles in the healing process through anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant mechanisms, as well as by enhancing collagen synthesis. These findings suggest that this extract gel has potential as an effective alternative therapy for burn wounds.
Assessment of Pregelatinized Corn Starch (Zea mays L.) as an Excipient in Pharmaceutical Preparations Siswanto, Agus; Hartati, Dita Nur Hartati; Qiptiah, Deva Aldina Maria Qiptiah; Rahayu, Wiranti Sri Rahayu; Suparman, Suparman
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 15, NUMBER 2, JULY-DECEMBER 2025
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Indonesia has a large potential for corn starch production since corn is one of the most widely grown foodstuffs. In addition to being a food ingredient, corn also has the potential as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations because of its very high starch content, which is 72-73% of the total weight. In tablet preparations, starch is widely used as a binder, disintegrant, and filler. One of the weaknesses of starch is its poor mechanical properties. Pregelatinization is one of the physical modification methods that can improve the mechanical properties of corn starch. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pregelatinized corn starch on the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Pregelatinized corn starch was prepared as follows: 250 g of starch was added to 250 mL of distilled water, heated at 70°C for 20 minutes, stirred until thick, dried in a drying cabinet at 60°C for 24 hours, and sieved through a 16/18 mesh sieve. The starch was tested for its physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. The results showed that the pregelatinized corn starch base on physical, microscopic and functional properties  better than native corn starch in the formulation composition or process.
Formulation and Antioxidant Evaluation of Anti-Aging Moisturizer Containing Peperomia pellucida Extract Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Maulita, Silvia; Devianti, Siti; Laila, Nur; Hailiyah, Dini Siva; Sukmawati, Dian Ayu; Danimayostu, Adeltrudis Adelsa; Adianingsih, Oktavia Rahayu
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 15, NUMBER 2, JULY-DECEMBER 2025
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Peperomia pellucida, commonly known as Chinese betel, contains antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds, which are potential candidates for active ingredients in anti-aging topical moisturizer formulations. However, its low lipid solubility requires a modified delivery system, such as nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). This study aimed to determine the optimum lipid concentration and lipid phase ratio for NLC formulation, evaluate the anti-aging potential of Peperomia pellucida extract-loaded NLC, and assess the characteristics of the NLC-based moisturizer. NLC was prepared using the high shear homogenization method and then characterized for its physical properties. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method, while the stability of the moisturizer was assessed through a six-cycle storage cycling test. NLC F1, containing 5% total lipid with a solid-to-liquid lipid ratio of 3:2, had the smallest particle size among all formulations and was selected as the optimal formula. The antioxidant test of NLC F1 revealed a spheroidal morphology, confirmed by TEM, and an IC50 value of 113.45 ppm, indicating moderate antioxidant activity. When incorporated into a moisturizer, the formulation maintained stable organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and adhesiveness over six test cycles, despite a decrease in viscosity. The optimized lipid composition produced a stable NLC-based moisturizer loaded with Peperomia pellucida extract, showing moderate antioxidant activity and favorable physicochemical characteristics, supporting its potential as an anti-aging cosmeceutical product.
Formulation and Evaluation of Patchouli Oil Bath Bomb with Citric Acid as an Acidic Component Rochman, M Fatchur; Nurkhayati, Nurkhayati; Shabrina, Ayu
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 15, NUMBER 2, JULY-DECEMBER 2025
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Conventional bath bombs contain only acidic and basic agents for effervescence, without any antibacterial or pharmacologically active ingredients. This study developed a bath bomb formulation enriched with bioactive compounds to provide antibacterial and therapeutic benefits beyond conventional cosmetic use. Patchouli alcohol is contained in the essential oil present in patchouli leaves, which is known to have antibacterial activity. Bath bomb is a spa product that can provide a relaxing atmosphere during bathing, which is used by soaking. Bath bombs were made using the mixing method with citric acid variations FI 26.3%, F2 33.3% and F3 38.5%. Evaluation of characteristics included organoleptic properties, weight uniformity, pH, hardness, dissolution effectiveness, foam height and stability test, water content, and geometric surface area test. The results of the characteristics bath bombs showed that three formulas gave good evaluations. The formulas did not significantly affect the pH of the bath bomb formulations. However, higher citric acid levels influenced organoleptic properties, weight uniformity, hardness, dissolution time, moisture content, geometric surface area, and foam height stability.
Nanoemulsion Optimization of Dayak Onion (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill) Urb.) Tuber Ethanol Extract Using Varying Concentration of VCO, Tween 80, and PEG 400 Putri, Rizqa Akhriana; Syamsul, Eka Siswanto; Warnida, Husnul
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 15, NUMBER 2, JULY-DECEMBER 2025
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Indonesia hosts various medicinal plants, including Dayak onion (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb), which contains isoliquiritigenin, a flavonoid with potential anticancer activity. However, its low solubility limits bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. To improve drug delivery, nanoscale formulations such as nanoemulsions can enhance membrane penetration and target reach. This study aimed to optimize a nanoemulsion formulation of Dayak onion ethanol extract using the Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) method with variations of VCO, Tween 80, and PEG 400. The nanoemulsion’s characteristics and stability were evaluated experimentally and analyzed statistically using the Independent T-Test, comparing results from Design Expert 12 and laboratory data. The optimized formulation produced a clear pink, stable nanoemulsion for one month, with a pH of 3.94 ± 0.22, transmittance of 58.45 ± 6.01%, particle size of 319.07 ± 1.05 nm, PDI of 0.44 ± 0.06, zeta potential of −31.5 ± 0.26 mV, and a creaming index of 0.

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