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Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 18581196     EISSN : 23553596     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health,
Public Health
KEMAS Journal: Research Study in Public Health publishes the article based on research or equivalent to research results in public health or other disciplines related to public health that has not been loaded/published by other media. The journal contains articles about epidemiology and biostatistics, health policy and administration, public health nutrition, environmental health, occupational health and safety, health promotion, reproductive health, maternal and child health, and other related articles in public health. The journal can be used by health practitioners, health caregivers, teachers, medical students, and people who are interested in public health issues. The journal was first published in July 2005 and subsequently published twice a year, in July and January. KEMAS Journal is a peer review journal and can be accessed in http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/kemas. Semarang State University (Unnes) is a leading university in Indonesia with the vision to become a world-class conservation university. The conservation vision is closely related to the study of public health sciences. Unnes also published high quality e-journal from various disciplines, integrated, and managed through Open Access Journals that can be accessed in http://journal.unnes.ac.id. The IAKMI (Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia/The Association of Indonesian Public Health Expert) is a non-profit membership association dedicated to advance public health as a scientific discipline and profession that serves public good for Indonesia and humanity.
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HUBUNGAN ANTARA SANITASI RUMAH DAN PERILAKU DENGAN KEJADIAN PNEUMONIA BALITA Pramudiyani, Novita Aris; Prameswari, Galuh Nita
KEMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Vol 6, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/kemas.v6i2.1755

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara sanitasi rumah dan perilaku dengan kejadian pneumonia balita. Ini termasuk penelitian penjelasan dengan rancangan  belah lintang. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 79 responden. Instrumen berupa kuesioner, rollmeter, dan thermohygrometer. Analisis data menggunakan uji chi square. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa sanitasi rumah yang berhubungan dengan kejadian pneumonia pada balita adalah luas ventilasi kamar (p<0,001), jenis lantai (p=0,036), dan kepadatan hunian kamar (p<0,001). Perilaku yang berhubungan dengan kejadian pneumonia balita adalah kebiasaan membuka jendela saat pagi dan siang hari (p<0,001), dan perilaku merokok orang tua (p=0,008). AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between house sanitation and human behavior with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five years. This was explanatory research with cross sectional design. The samples obtained were 79 respondents. The instruments used were questionnair, rollmeter, and thermohygrometer. The data were analyzed by chi square test. The results showed that house sanitation related to the incidence of pneumonia were the spacious of the room’s ventilation (p < 0,001), floor’s type (p = 0.036), and the density of the room (p < 0,001). Behavior associated with the incidence of pneumonia were the habit of window opening during morning and afternoon (p < 0,001), and parental smoking behavior (p = 0.008).Keywords: House sanitation; Behavior; Pneumonia
FAKTOR DEMOGRAFI, PENGETAHUAN IBU TENTANG AIR SUSU IBU DAN PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF Sriningsih, Iis
KEMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Vol 6, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/kemas.v6i2.1759

Abstract

Pemerintah Indonesia mempunyai target program pemberian ASI eksklusif sebesar 80% dalam rangka menurunkan angka kematian bayi dan kejadian gizi buruk. Program pemberian ASI ekskusif di Kota Magelang tidak mencapai 40%. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor demografi dan pengetahuan ibu dengan pemberian ASI eksklusif. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan menggunakan pendekatan belah lintang. Pengumpulan data diperoleh melalui wawancara terhadap 113 ibu bayi usia 0-6 bulan dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode stratified random sampling pada 27,4% responden yang memberi ASI eksklusif. Mayoritas responden memiliki pengetahuan kurang tentang ASI (72,6%). Ada hubungan antara  tingkat pendidikan ibu (p=0,043), tingkat penghasilan (p=0,021), dan pengetahuan ibu tentang ASI (p=0,015) dengan pemberian ASI eksklusif. AbstractTo decrease infant mortality and incidence of malnutrition, the Government of Indonesia fixed target of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months was 80%. Breast-feeding program in the city of Magelang can not reach 40%. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between demographic factors, knowledges of mothers with exclusive breastfeeding. This study was an observational study using cross-sectional approach. The collection of data obtained through interviews with 113 mothers of infants aged 0-6 months using a questionnaire, sampling was done by stratified random sampling method. A lot of 27,4% of respondents gave breastfeeding exclusively. The majority of respondents are very poor in exclusive breastfeeding informations. There is relationship between mother education level (p = 0,043), family income (p = 0,021), and knowledge about exclusive breastfee-ding (p = 0,015) with exclusive breastfeeding.Keywords: Demography factor; Science; Exclusive breastfeeding
FAKTOR IBU BALITA YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEPATUHAN FOLLOW UP PENDERITA PNEUMONIA Astuti, Nining Sri; Koesyanto, Herry
KEMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Vol 6, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/kemas.v6i2.1765

Abstract

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubu-ngan dengan kepatuhan follow up penderita pneumonia balita di Puskesmas Semowo. Jenis penelitiannya adalah deskriptif dan metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian penjelasan dengan pendekatan belah lintang. Su-byek dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 40 responden. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah uji chi square dengan (α)= 0,05. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan nilai lebih kecil dari α (0,05) yaitu pengetahuan ibu (p=0,032), jarak pelayanan ke-sehatan (p=0,046), dukungan keluarga (p=0,003), dan peran petugas kesehatan (p=0,001). Sementara nilai lebih dari α (0,05) mencakup pendidikan ibu (p=0,229), pekerjaan ibu (p=0,693), pendapatan keluarga (p=0,159), sikap ibu (p=0,301), dan biaya berobat (p=0,154). AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with compliances on with follow-up of patients with pneumonia at the toddlers Semowo health center. This type of research is descriptive and research method used is explanatory with cross sectional approach. The subjects in this study amounted to 40 respondents. Statistical test used were chi square test with (α) = 0.05. Statistical test results showed a smaller value of α (0.05) namely knowledges of mothers (p = 0.032), distance of health services (p = 0.046), family support (p = 0.003), and the role of health workers (p = 0.001). While the value of more than α (0.05) covers maternal education (p = 0.229), maternal employment (p = 0.693), family income (p = 0.159), the attitude of the mother (p = 0.301), and the cost of treatment (p = 0.154 ).Keywords: Pneumonia; Mother; Health workers
FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN DERMATITIS PADA NELAYAN Cahyawati, Imma Nur; Budiono, Irwan
KEMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Vol 6, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/kemas.v6i2.1766

Abstract

Permasalahan dalam penelitian adalah faktor-faktor apa sajakah yang berhubungan dengan penyakit dermatitis pada nelayan. Tujuannya untuk menge-tahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian dermatitis pada nelayan. Ini termasuk penelitian penjelasan dengan pendekatan belah lintang. Populasi penelitian berjumlah 68 orang. Sampel dikumpulkan secara acak. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 40 orang. Teknik pengambilan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Korelasi chi square digunakan untuk mencari hubungan dan menguji hipotesis antara kedua variabel. Berdasarkan uji chi square itu diketahui bahwa masa kerja (p = 0,001), alat pelindung diri (APD) (p = 0,001), riwayat pekerjaan (p = 0,027), kesehatan pribadi (p = 0,027), riwayat penyakit kulit (p = 0,006) dan riwayat alergi (p = 0,018). Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada faktor-faktor yang berhubungan meliputi masa kerja, alat pelindung diri, riwayat pekerjaan, hygiene personal, riwayat penyakit kulit, dan riwayat alergi. AbstractProblems in this study were what factors are associated with dermatitis on the fishermen who work in the Fish Auction Place (FAP). This study aimed to determine those factors. This type of study was explanatory with cross sectional approach. The population consist of 68 peoples. Techniques used was random sampling. The samples equal 40 peoples. Techniques of data retrieval were done using a questionnaire. Chi square correlation used to find relationships and testing hypotheses between these two variables. Based on chi square test, it was known that the period of employment (p = 0.001), personal protective equipment (PPE) (p = 0.001), history of work (p = 0.027), personal hygiene (p = 0.027), history of skin disease (p = 0.006), and a history of allergy (p = 0.018), because p <0.05 then the factors are related to the occurrence of dermatitis in fishermen who worked in the FAP. In conclusion, there are factors associated with the incidence of dermatitis in fishermen such as personal protective equipment, work history, personal hygiene, history of skin disease and history of alergy.Keywords: Dermatitis; Fish Auction Place (FAP); Personal hygiene
PENGARUH DISMENORE TERHADAP AKTIVITAS PADA SISWI SMK Kurniawati, Dewi; Kusumawati, Yuli
KEMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Vol 6, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/kemas.v6i2.1758

Abstract

Penurunan aktivitas siswi dipengaruhi oleh dismenore. Gejala ini terjadi pada siswi berupa nyeri perut, pusing, mual, dan nyeri pinggang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dismenore terhadap aktivitas siswi. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian observasional dengan pendekatan belah lintang. Sampel terdiri atas 85 siswi yang dipilih secara acak sederhana di SMK Batik 1 Surakarta. Data dikumpulkan dengan wawancara  dan hasilnya dianalisis dengan uji chi kuadrat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai peratus penurunan aktivitas siswi pada kategori dismenore ≥ 6 mempunyai peratus lebih tinggi dari pada kategori dismenore < 6, dengan beda peratus sebesar 16,8%. Perbedaan tersebut secara statistik mendekati bermakna (p = 0,059). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa peristiwa dismenore berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas siswa. AbstractDecrease in student activities were influenced by dysmenorrhea. Symptoms of dysmenorrhea occur in girls generally in the form of abdominal pain, dizziness, nausea, and low back pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dysmenorrhea on schoolgirl activities. This study was an observational research with cross sectional approach. The samples consist of 85 girls at SMK Batik 1 Surakarta those were selected with simple random sampling. Data were collected through interviews and the results were analyzed by chi square test. The results showed that the percentage of decrease in activities of schoolgirl those had dysme-norrhea ≥ 6 have a higher percentage than in the categories of dysmenorrhea < 6, with difference of 16,8%. The difference was statistically close to significant (p = 0,059). In conclusion, dysmenorrhea influenced schoolgirl  activities.Keywords: Dysmenorrhea; Decreased of activities; Schoolgirl
EFEK BAKING SODA PASTA GIGI TERHADAP KADAR FOETOR EX ORE Puspita Santik, Yunita Diah
KEMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Vol 6, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/kemas.v6i2.1757

Abstract

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui perbedaan efek pasta gigi yang me-ngandung backing soda dan mentol terhadap foetor ex ore. Desain penelitian eksperimental semu dengan blind cross-over. Sampel diambil secara purposif pada mahasiswa FKG Universitas Padjadjaran sebanyak 30 orang. Kadar  foetor ex ore diukur dengan instrumen Gas Chromatography-Mass Selective Detector (GCMS), didukung dengan pengukuran akumulasi plak menggunakan indeks plak sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penurunan kadar foetor ex ore yang bermakna pada masing-masing perlakuan dengan pasta gigi yang mengandung baking soda (t=15,242, p<0,05) dan mentol (t=17,709, p<0,05). Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara kedua perlakuan (t=4,042, p<0,05). Pengukuran plak memperlihatkan penurunan yang bermakna pada perlakuan dengan pasta gigi yang mengandung baking soda (t=16,136, p<0,05) dan mentol (t=16,454, p<0,05), serta tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara kedua perlakuan (t=0,156, p>0,05). AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine differences in the effects of toothpaste that contain baking soda and menthol on level of foetor ex ore. The study design was quasi-experimental with blind cross-over study. The samples were selected by purposive sampling of FKG Padjadjaran University’s as many as 30 peoples. Foetor ex ore levels were measured with GCMS, which are supported by measurements of the accumulation of plaque using a plaque index before and after treatment. The results showed decreased levels of foetor ex ore at each of the treatment with toothpaste that contains baking soda (t=15,242, p<0,05) and menthol (t=17,709, p<0,05 ), and there are significant differences between the two treatments (t=4,042, p<0,05). The result of the measurement of plaque appears a statistically significant reduction in the treatment with toothpaste that contains baking soda (t=16,136, p<0,05) and menthol (t=16,454, p<0,05), and there is no difference significant between the two treatments (t=0,156, p<0,05).Keywords: Foetor ex ore; Toothpastes; Plaque
PENGARUH METODE PERMAINAN FIND YOUR MATE TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN KADER POSYANDU Rufiati, Afri Mughni; Raharjo, Bambang Budi; Indrawati, Fitri
KEMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Vol 6, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/kemas.v6i2.1761

Abstract

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat pengaruh metode permainan find your mate terhadap peningkatan pengetahuan  kader  tentang posyandu lansia. Penelitian merupakan eksperimen semu dengan rancangan desain pra dan pasca uji kelompok kendali tak acak. Populasi penelitian ka-der posyandu sebanyak 136 orang. Penelitian dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok eksperimen sebanyak 20 orang yang mendapatkan penyuluhan ke-   sehatan dengan metode permainan find your mate dan kelompok kendali sebanyak 20 orang yang mendapatkan penyuluhan kesehatan dengan metode ce-ramah. Data primer diperoleh melalui kuesioner. Data sekunder diperoleh dari Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Tegal dan Kelurahan Panggung. Hasil analisis uji t tidak berpasangan pada kedua kelompok didapatkan nilai p 0,0001 (< 0,05). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh metode permainan find your mate terhadap peningkatan pengetahuan kader tentang posyandu lansia. AbstractPurposes of this study were to determine whether there were influence of the game find your mate on increasing knowledge. This type of research was quasi experiment design that uses non-randomized control group pretest-posttest design. The population include posyandu cadres in the Panggung Village as many as 136 peoples. There were 2 groups namely the experimental group of 20 peoples who get health information by the method of the game find your mate and a control group of 20 peoples who get health education with lecture method. Primary data were obtained through questionnaires. Secondary data obtained from the Statistic Central Agency Panggung and Tegal. Based on the results of unpaired t test analysis in both groups showed that the p-value 0.0001 <0.05. In conclusion, there were influence of the game find your mate method to increase knowledge about posyandu elderly for posyandu elderly cadres.Keywords: Find your mate games; Knowledge; Posyandu elderly
PENGARUH PEMBUBUHAN TAWAS DALAM MENURUNKAN TSS PADA AIR LIMBAH RUMAH SAKIT Ningsih, Riyan
KEMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Vol 6, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/kemas.v6i2.1756

Abstract

Untuk mengendapkan padatan tersuspensi dalam air limbah diperlukan bahan kimia koagulan dengan dosis yang sesuai. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menge-tahui dosis optimum yang dapat menurunkan kadar TSS air limbah dan untuk mengetahui perbedaan penurunan TSS sebelum dan sesudah pembubuhan tawas dengan dosis optimum. Desain penelitian menggunakan rancangan eksperimen semu. Variabel penelitian terdiri atas kadar TSS (variabel terikat), dosis optimum (variabel bebas), pH, suhu dan tingkat kekeruhan (variabel peng-ganggu), waktu pengadukan, kecepatan pengadukan, dan tempat pengambilan sampel (variabel kendali). Analisis data menggunakan uji t-test paired. Hasil percobaan pendahuluan diperoleh dosis optimum 70 mg/l. Hasil parameter TSS tanpa pembubuhan tawas antara 618 mg/l sampai 170 mg/l, setelah  pembubuhan tawas dengan dosis optimum TSS turun menjadi antara 60 mg/l sampai 40 mg/l. Hasil uji statistik diperoleh p =0,019 (ada perbedaan bermakna  kadar TSS sebelum dan sesudah  pembubuhan tawas dengan dosis optimum). AbstractTo precipitate suspended solids in wastewater, it is necessary to take a chemical coagulant with optimum dose. The purpose in this study was to determine the optimum dose required to reduce level of TSS in the wastewater, and to obtain whether there were significant differences on the reduction of TSS before and after affixing the optimum dose of alum. The design of this study was quasi-experimental design. The variables of this study include TSS levels (dependent variable), the optimum dose (independent variables), pH, temperature, and turbidity level (confounding variable), stirring time, and stirring speed. The sampling place is fixed as control variable. Data analyzed by using paired t-test. The results of preliminary experiments fix the optimum dose of 70 mg / l. TSS parameter without alum obtained between 618 mg / l to 170 mg / l, and after affixing the optimum dose of alum, TSS dropped to between 60 - 40 mg / l. The result of statistical test obtained is p = 0,019 (there were significant differences in TSS levels before and after the affixing of optimum alum dose).Keywords: Optimum Dose; Alum; TSS levels
TINGKAT KUALITAS HIDUP PASIEN GAGAL GINJAL KRONIK TERAPI HEMODIALISIS -, Supriyadi; -, Wagiyo; Widowati, Sekar Ratih
KEMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Vol 6, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/kemas.v6i2.1760

Abstract

Gagal ginjal kronik (GGK) menjadi masalah besar dunia karena sulit disembuhkan, biaya perawatan dan pengobatannya mahal. Hemodialisa (HD) merupakan salah satu terapi pengganti fungsi ginjal yang rusak. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui adanya  perbedaan kualitas hidup pasien GGK sebelum dan sesudah menjalani terapi HD di RSUD Kota Semarang, dilihat dari empat dimensi (fisik, psikologis, sosial, dan lingkungan). Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimen semu melalui pendekatan one group pre-post test design.  Pengambilan sampel menggunakan consecutive sampling, dengan jumlah sampel 30 responden. Alat pengambilan data menggunakan kuesioner WHO QoL-BREF. Terdapat  perbedaan yang signifikan pada kualitas hidup pasien GGK sebelum dan sesudah menjalani terapi HD (dimensi fisik p= 0,0001; dimensi psikologis p= 0,001; dimensi sosial p= 0,001; dimensi lingkungan p= 0,001). AbstractChronic kidney disease (CKD) is still a major problem in the world. In addition to difficult to cure, care and treatment costs were expensive. Hemodialisis (HD) is one of the replacement therapy of damaged renal function. The purpose of this study was to detect differences in CKD patients’s quality of life before and after undergoing HD therapy viewed from the four domains / dimensions (physical, psychological, social and environmental). This research design was a quasy-experiment with one group pre-post test design. Sampling technique was consecutive sampling, and we collected a number of 30 respondents. Data retrieval tool was using WHO QoL-BREF questionnaire. We find sygnificant life quality differences of patients before and after have HD theraphy (physical dimension p= 0.0001; psychology dimension p = 0.001; social dimension p = 0.001, and environment dimension p = 0.001).Keywords: Quality of Life; Chronic Kidney Disease; Hemodialisis
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PERILAKU MENYISAKAN MAKANAN PASIEN DIIT DIABETES MELLITUS Puspita, Devi Karina; Ratna Rahayu, Rr. Sri
KEMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Vol 6, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/kemas.v6i2.1762

Abstract

Permasalahan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan pasien diit diabetes mellitus menyisakan makanannya? Tujuannya untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku menyisakan  makanan pada pasien penderita diit diabetes mellitus di RSUD Dr. M. Ashari Pemalang. Jenis dan rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah penjelasan, dengan menggunakan pendekatan belah lintang. Jumlah sampel penelitian sebanyak 14 pasien. Teknik pemilihan sampel dilakukan dengan cara total. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji fisher dengan tingkat kebermaknaan < 0,05. Ins-trumen yang digunakan adalah kuesioner, timbangan makanan dan formulir pengamatan sisa makanan. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa faktor yang berhubungan dengan sisa makanan diit DM yaitu jadwal makan (nilai p = 0,005), makanan luar RS (nilai p = 0,015), cita rasa makanan (nilai p = 0,005), dan kebiasaan makan (nilai p = 0,003). AbstractProblem in this study was how to identify factors that cause diabetes mellitus patients leaving his food? Purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with food leaving behavior of patients who received diabetes mellitus in Dr. M. Ashari Pemalang Hospital. The type and design of the study was explanatory, using cross-sectional approach. The number of samples were as many as 14 patients. Sample selection technique was using the total sampling. The data analyzed using fisher test with significance level <0.05. The instruments used were questionnaires, food scales and observation form. In conclusion, the factors associated with DM diet leftovers are meal schedule (p value = 0.005), outside the hospital food (p value = 0.015), the taste of food obtained (p value = 0.005), and eating habits (p value = 0.003).Keywords: Diet of DM; Leftovers; Glouse

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