Medical Journal of Indonesia
This quarterly medical journal is an official scientific journal of the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia in collaboration with German-Indonesian Medical Association (DIGM) Indexed in: IMSEAR; CAB Abstracts; Global Health; HINARI; DOAJ; DRJI; Google Scholar; JournalTOCs; Ulrichsweb Global Serial Directory; WorldCat; New Jour; Electronic Journals Library; ISJD Accredited (2013-2018) by DIKTI Kemendikbud Republik Indonesia (No:58/DIKTI/Kep/2013)
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The effects of phytosterol in low fat milk on serum lipid levels among mild-moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects
Medical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 17 No. 1 (2008): January-March
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia
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DOI: 10.13181/mji.v17i1.294
One of the most important risk factors for CHD is dyslipidemia, among others hypercholesterolemia or high LDL-cholesterol. Plant-sterols or phytosterols (PS) are among dietary factors known to lower blood cholesterol as part of therapeutic life-style changes diet. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of PS properly solubilized in a-partly vegetable oil-filled low fat milk, on serum lipid levels in mild-moderate hypercholesterolemic subjects. Randomized, two-arm parallel control group trial was conducted at Department of Nutrition-University of Indonesia in Jakarta from June to November 2006. Each subject was randomly assigned to receive dietary life-style changes counseling plus 1.2 g phytosterol/day in low-fat milk (PS-group) or control group receiving the counseling alone for six weeks period. There were no significant changes of serum total and LDL-cholesterol of control group after a six week of dietary counseling (respectively 218.3 ± 18.6 mg/dL to 219.6 ± 24.3 mg/dL and 164.7±21.8 mg/dL to 160.0±26.4 mg/dL). There were a significant decreases of serum total and LDL-cholesterol (respectively p=0.01 and p=0.004) among subjects receiving PS after a six weeks observation period (respectively 233.5±24.6 mg/dL to 211.2±30.3 mg/dL and 176.9±24.7 mg/dL to 154.5±24.3 mg/dL). There was a significant difference in the LDL-lowering effects (p=0.024) among the PS-group after a six weeks (22.4±27.9 mg/dL) as compared to the control group (4.7±17.2 mg/dL). No significant changes were found on serum HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels in both groups. Although there was no significant difference found in daily nutrients intake between the-2 groups, however, significant reductions in body weight, body mass index and waist circumference were found only in the PS group (p=0.000; 0.000; 0.003, respectively). It is concluded that the lowering of total and LDL-cholesterol in those receiving life-style changes counseling plus 1.2 g PS daily for six weeks was significantly higher as compared to those of receiving counseling alone. (Med J Indones 2008; 17: 5-12) Keywords: TLC Diet, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, phytosterol, body mass index, waist-circumference
A novel non invasive measurement of hemodynamic parameters: Comparison of single-chamber ventricular and dual-chamber pacemaker
Medical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 17 No. 1 (2008): January-March
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia
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DOI: 10.13181/mji.v17i1.295
We carried out a cross sectional study to analyze hemodynamic parameters of single-chamber ventricular pacemaker compared with dual-chamber pacemaker by using thoracic electrical bioimpedance monitoring method (Physio Flow™) - a novel simple non-invasive measurement. A total of 48 consecutive outpatients comprised of 27 single chamber pacemaker and 21 dual chamber were analyzed. We measured cardiac parameters: heart rate, stroke volume index, cardiac output index, estimated ejection fraction, end diastolic volume, early diastolic function ratio, thoracic fluid index, and systemic parameters: left cardiac work index and systemic vascular resistance index. Baseline characteristic and pacemaker indication were similar in both groups. Cardiac parameters assessment revealed no significant difference between single-chamber pacemaker and dual-chamber pacemaker in heart rate, stroke volume index, cardiac index, estimated ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, thoracic fluid index. There was significantly higher early diastolic function ratio in single-chamber pacemaker compared to dual-chamber pacemaker: 92% (10.2-187.7%) vs. 100.6% (48.7-403.2%); p=0.006. Systemic parameters assessment revealed significantly higher left cardiac work index in single-chamber group than dual-chamber group 4.9 kg.m/m² (2.8-7.6 kg.m/m²) vs. 4.3 kg.m/m² (2.9-7.2 kg.m/m²); p=0.004. There was no significant difference on systemic vascular resistance in single-chamber compared to dual-chamber pacemaker. Single-chamber ventricular pacemaker provides similar stroke volume, cardiac output and left cardiac work, compared to dual-chamber pacemaker. A non-invasive hemodynamic measurement using thoracic electrical bioimpedance is feasible for permanent pacemaker outpatients. (Med J Indones 2008; 17: 25-32) Keywords: Permanent pacemaker, single chamber, dual chamber, thoracic electrical bioimpedance, hemodynamic parameter
Modification of wise pattern based design with free nipple areolar complex graft in a case of juvenile hypertrophy of the breasts
Medical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 17 No. 1 (2008): January-March
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia
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DOI: 10.13181/mji.v17i1.296
Juvenile hypertrophy of the breast (JHB) is a rare condition leading to gigantomastia unilaterally or bilaterally in peripubertal females. The pathology is limited usually to the breast, with otherwise normal growth and development and without any other deformities. The rapid bilateral or unilateral growth of the breast in adolescent girls leads to severe physical and psychological problems. The etiology remains elusive, but it is believed to represent an end-organ hypersensitivity during a period of intense endocrine regulatory stress. The best treatment is surgical whereas the younger patients better treated with mastectomy to anticipate the high recurrency rate, while older women is best treated with reduction mammaplasty. We report one case of a woman who had a unilateral JHB. The growth of the left breast started in her pubertal age and kept growing for one year. She was treated surgically with Wise pattern based design. After two years, she had no recurrent enlargement and aesthetically, the symmetry of both breasts is achieved with a satisfying scar. (Med J Indones 2008; 17: 13-9)Keywords: juvenile hypertrophy of the breast, reduction mammaplasty, wise pattern based design
Prevalence of Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm by laboratory exercise challenge among Ragunan Sport School athletes
Medical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 17 No. 1 (2008): January-March
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia
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DOI: 10.13181/mji.v17i1.297
Exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) is a common condition among adolescent athletes. There has been no study examining the prevalence of EIB among adolescent athletes in Indonesia. This study aimed to get the prevalence of EIB among Ragunan Sport School athletes by laboratory exercise challenge. Subjects performed static cycle ergometer exercise (Monark, Sweden) to reach minimal workload of 90% maximal heart rate. Force expiratory ventilation (FEV1) was examined by spirometry (Minato AS-PAL, Japan) at minute 0, 5, 10 and 20 post exercise. The EIB was defined as a decline of FEV1 as much as 10% or more from baseline value. Room temperature and humidity were 28°C-31°C and 74%-82% respectively. There were 168 athletes from 12 sport types who participated in this study. Among them, 23 athletes (13.7%) were EIB positive. The highest percentage of EIB was in taekwondo (54.5%). Sixteen athletes with EIB (70%) were from less asthmogenic sports. Athletes with EIB consisted of 17 (17.5%) females and 6 (8.4%) males. In conclusion, the prevalence of EIB among adolescent athletes was moderately high, and was more prevalent in female. More over, laboratory exercise challenge could elicit EIB in less asthmogenic sport. (Med J Indones 2008; 17: 33-6) Keywords: adolescent athlete, asthmogenic sports
The effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on systemic immune response and blood glucose level of NIDDM patients
Medical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 17 No. 1 (2008): January-March
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia
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DOI: 10.13181/mji.v17i1.298
Periodontal inflammation is a periodontal disorder of high prevalence in the population. Chronic periodontitis is associated with the accumulation of plaque and calculus as local factors, and systemic factors such an diabetes mellitus (DM) and HIV infection. Cytokine, especially IL-1β as inflammatory mediator for periodontal disease, may directly stimulated iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) expression and NO (nitric oxide) production by β-cells, resulting in NO-mediated β-cell damage. The leucotoxin and proteases produced by periodontal pathogens will induce chemotactic and phagocytotic defect; therefore causing decreased PMN phagocytotic function. Hyperglicemia which occurs in diabetic patients increases calcium influx to the cell, resulting in the increased cytosol’s calcium ([Ca 2+]i) level and; therefore, resulting in dysfunction of PMN and impaired PMN phagocytotic function. Advanced glycosilation endproduct in NIDDM binds to monocytes resulting in the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNFα,) and produces activation of macrophages and osteoclasts. Hyperglicemia activates diacyl glycerol (DAG)-protein kinase C (PKC), thus increasing PGE2 and cytokine expression that induce inflammation and periodontal tissue destruction processes. Studies on the effect of scaling to remove calculus disposition on blood glucose control and cellular immune response in DM patient has never been carried out. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of scaling as non-surgical periodontal therapy on immune response (IL-1β level and PMN phagocytotic function) and blood glucose level of type 2 diabetic patients. Subjects were diabetic patients, 60 controlled-DM (CDM) and 60 uncontrolled-DM (UCDM), in Metabolic-Endocrinology Clinic of Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital, aged 40-60 years. The subjects were divided into treatment (scaling) and control group, and cellular immune response and diabetic status, before and 6 weeks after treatment were evaluated. Statistical analysis (t test) were done using Stata 7.0 software, to compare the parameters before and after scaling in CDM and UCMD subjects. The results showed that scaling decreased IL-1β level and increased phagocytotic function significantly (P<0.05). Scaling decreased fasting and 2 hours post-prandial blood glucose levels and HbA1c level, but the decrease were not significant statistically (P>0.05), except for the decrease in HbA1c level in uncontrolled DM (P=0.00). (Med J Indones 2008; 17: 20-4) Keywords : IL-1β level, phagocytotic function, HbA1C level
Lifestyle dominates cardiovascular risks in Malaysia
Medical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 17 No. 1 (2008): January-March
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia
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DOI: 10.13181/mji.v17i1.299
Cardiovascular problem is one of the leading cause of death in Malaysia and now invaded to the sub-urban and rural areas. To prevent and control of this problem, several main risk factors needed to be known and shall be reexamined and ranked according to the priority. The objectives of this research paper was to identify several dominant risk factor related to cardiovascular problem. A cross sectional study was carried out from March 2000 – June 2001 on a total of 8159 rural population aged 18 and above to measure the prevalence of the common cardiovascular risk factors. Those risk factors are systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol level, obesity index, blood glucose level, smoking, physical activity and mental stress. Overall prevalence of common cardiovascular risk factors were higher, dominated by physical inactivity (65.7%), hypercholesterolemia – TC:HC (62.3%), mental stress (55.5%) and obesity (53.7%). Smoking was also high at 49.9% especially among men. However systolic hypertension, diastolic hypertension and diabetes mellitus; although increased by age, its prevalence is relatively low at 23.7%, 19.2%, and 6.3% respectively. Cardiovascular risk factors related to lifestyle are much evidenced as compared to risk factors related to the biological influence. Therefore, all initiatives in community health intervention should be mobilized specifically on prevention and control of lifestyle-related risk factors. (Med J Indones 2008; 17: 50-6) Keywords: cardiovascular problem, community intervention, lifestyle-linked risk factors
Septal deviation and other factors increase the risk of barotitis media in high altitude high opening training
Medical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 17 No. 1 (2008): January-March
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia
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DOI: 10.13181/mji.v17i1.300
Barotitis media (BM) frequently occurr in High Altitude High Opening (HAHO) training simulation as a result from rapid change of pressure. The aim of this study was to investigate septal deviation and other risk factors that increase the risk of BM. This experimental study was conducted at the Indonesian Center for Aviation Medicine and Health (Lakespra Saryanto) during May – July 2007 involving Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI) HAHO training. Medical examinations were performed before and after training. An otolaryngologist confirm the diagnosis of BM. Cox regression analysis using STATA 9.0 program was performed to identify dominant risk factors for BM. A number of 177 subjects participated in this study. We found 56.5% had BM after training. Septal deviation was found in 28.8% of the subjects and it moderately increased the risk of BM by 23% than normal septum [adjusted relative risk (RRα) = 1.23; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.95 – 1.60; p=0.123]. Those who have been smoking for 1-3 years had 70% increase risk for BM than non-smoking subjects (RRα= 1.68; 95% CI = 1.17 – 2.42). Those who have been in the force for 5 years or longer were 50% more at risk for BM than those who have been in the force less than 5 years. In addition, trainees had 40% higher risk than subjects with special qualifications for HAHO (RRα = 1.40; 95% CI = 0.99 – 1.97; p = 0.051). Special caution need to be applied for those who had septal deviation, longer working period, habit of smoking for 1-3 years, and trainees to minimize the risk of BM. (Med J Indones 2008; 17: 37-42) Keywords: barotitis media, septal deviation, HAHO training simulation
The Thai/Myanmar border health program: lessons in working with migrant population
Medical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 17 No. 1 (2008): January-March
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia
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DOI: 10.13181/mji.v17i1.301
Migrant populations are often vulnerable, and various political, economic, cultural, historical and social situations can make it especially challenging to address public health issues. Not attending to these issues poses increased risks for the migrants, the people in the country they live in, eventually, the rest of the world. There are many locations high density with density population migrants throughout the world, amongst there are the Thailand/Myanmar border it is estimated more than one million migrants have crossed from Myanmar into Thailand. This area has one of Asia’s highest malaria infection rates and an increased prevalence of tuberculosis. In 2000, the Ministers of Health of Thailand and Myanmar met jointly to address the public health issues in the border area. Following this meeting the World Health Organization, supported by United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), provided funding to support program activities. This included the establishment of the Border Health Program which was initiated in 2001. The Thai/Myanmar Border Health Program sought to improve the health of the most vulnerable populations on the border, and key elements of the program were data collection and system development, coordination, training and information distribution. Implicit to the success of the program was ongoing coordination with the various players, including the governments, non-governmental organizations (“NGOs”), donors, researchers and UN agencies. Several lessons were learned which can be applied in similar settings, and needs for research and study were identified. (Med J Indones 2008; 17: 43-9)
A correlation between characteristics and students' perception with the last score of field experience study at community based medicine
Medical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 17 No. 1 (2008): January-March
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia
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DOI: 10.13181/mji.v17i1.302
Field experience study (FES) is one of the Community Based Medicine Education Programs that has done in Faculty of Medicine University of Malahayati. The aims of this study were to identify several factors related to final FES score. The questionnaires were given for all field study participants. It consisted of students' characteristics and perception on field study. This FES was conducted on 3 September 2007. Cox regression was used to analyze data using STATA version 9.0. Gender, previous GPA, time of taking FES was dominant risk factors related to risk of FES score. The students who had higher cumulative Grade Point Average (GPA) had 72% higher on final FES score [adjusted relative risk (RRα) = 1.72; 95% Confidence interval (CI) = 1.22-2.43). Female than male students had 39% higher final FES score (RRα = 1.39; 95% CI = 0.93-2.09; P = 0.111), and the students who took than who did not take FES on recommended year of study had 29% higher final FES score (RR = 1.29; 95% CI = 0.96-1.73; P = 0.088). While conducting FES, special attention should be given to students who had previous GPA in order to increase their final FES score. (Med J Indones 2008; 17: 64-7) Keywords: community-based medicine, field experience study, student's performance
Student perceptions' of the educational environment in the midst of curriculum change
Medical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 17 No. 1 (2008): January-March
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia
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DOI: 10.13181/mji.v17i1.303
The Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia underwent a major curriculum reform in 2005. There is a necessity to evaluate the new curriculum's educational environment, as a part of the curriculum evaluation. In June 2007, the DREEM (Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure) was administered to 210 second year students with an innovative curriculum and 259 third year students with the more traditional curriculum, to measure the students' perceptions of the educational environment. One of the most significant differences between the perceptions of the two groups is that there are less cheating problems in the second year, but the third year is better timetabled. The almost similar profiles indicate that the new curriculum's educational environment has not improved significantly. It is related with problems in managing and organizing the new curriculum's detail aspects. The institution needs to re-evaluate the perceptions of the educational environment when the curriculum is more internalised. (Med J Indones 2008; 17: 57-63) Keywords: educational environment, DREEM, curriculum change, curriculum evaluation