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Serum IgM Levels and Hepatitis D Virus Co-Infection in HBsAg-Positive Patients in Abakaliki, Nigeria Azibanyam, Okosigha Saviour; Kenneth, Imarenezor Edobor Peter; Ifeoma, Anyiam Vivian
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v2i3.7486

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective RNA virus that relies on co-infection with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) for its replication. This study aimed to identify HBsAg-positive patients co-infected with HDV and quantify serum IgM levels in a hospital-based population in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 1,000 patients attending the Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (FETHA) and Mile 4 Hospital Ishieke. HBsAg-positive individuals were identified using a rapid diagnostic kit, while HDV-IgM was detected using ELISA. Among the 1,000 participants, 89 (8.9%) tested positive for HBsAg, and of these, 5 (5.6%) were also positive for HDV-IgM, indicating active co-infection. HDV co-infection prevalence was higher among females (7.7%) compared to males (2.7%), and significantly higher among married individuals (6.9%) than singles (3.2%) (p < 0.05). Age-specific analysis revealed the highest co-infection rate (10%) among individuals aged 29–33 years, while no cases were recorded in the 34–45 years age group. Geographically, patients from Mile 4 Hospital had a higher co-infection rate (7.5%) than those from FETHA (2.8%). Educational status and occupation also influenced prevalence; tertiary-educated individuals had the highest rate (13.6%), while no cases were reported among those with only primary education. Students recorded a prevalence of 8.9%, with no co-infections detected among traders or housewives. Among clinical subgroups, pregnant women had a higher co-infection rate (9.5%) compared to blood donors (2.1%). These findings underscore the importance of routine HDV screening among HBsAg-positive patients, especially in high-risk groups, and the urgent need for targeted public health interventions to reduce the burden and severity of HBV/HDV co-infection in Nigeria. Further research is warranted to better understand the epidemiological dynamics and clinical implications of co-infection.

Serum IgM Levels and Hepatitis D Virus Co-Infection in HBsAg-Positive Patients in Abakaliki, Nigeria Azibanyam, Okosigha Saviour; Kenneth, Imarenezor Edobor Peter; Ifeoma, Anyiam Vivian
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v2i3.7486

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective RNA virus that relies on co-infection with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) for its replication. This study aimed to identify HBsAg-positive patients co-infected with HDV and quantify serum IgM levels in a hospital-based population in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 1,000 patients attending the Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (FETHA) and Mile 4 Hospital Ishieke. HBsAg-positive individuals were identified using a rapid diagnostic kit, while HDV-IgM was detected using ELISA. Among the 1,000 participants, 89 (8.9%) tested positive for HBsAg, and of these, 5 (5.6%) were also positive for HDV-IgM, indicating active co-infection. HDV co-infection prevalence was higher among females (7.7%) compared to males (2.7%), and significantly higher among married individuals (6.9%) than singles (3.2%) (p < 0.05). Age-specific analysis revealed the highest co-infection rate (10%) among individuals aged 29–33 years, while no cases were recorded in the 34–45 years age group. Geographically, patients from Mile 4 Hospital had a higher co-infection rate (7.5%) than those from FETHA (2.8%). Educational status and occupation also influenced prevalence; tertiary-educated individuals had the highest rate (13.6%), while no cases were reported among those with only primary education. Students recorded a prevalence of 8.9%, with no co-infections detected among traders or housewives. Among clinical subgroups, pregnant women had a higher co-infection rate (9.5%) compared to blood donors (2.1%). These findings underscore the importance of routine HDV screening among HBsAg-positive patients, especially in high-risk groups, and the urgent need for targeted public health interventions to reduce the burden and severity of HBV/HDV co-infection in Nigeria. Further research is warranted to better understand the epidemiological dynamics and clinical implications of co-infection.

Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae among Individuals in Obigbo, Rivers State Olotu, Olayemi Favour; Kenneth, Imarenezor Edobor Peter
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 2 No 1 (2025): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v2i1.4591

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major public health concern due to potential for severe complication of infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease. This study assessed the prevalence and risk factors associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection among youths in Obigbo, Rivers State, Nigeria. Using a cross-sectional design, 288 participants aged 16-35 years comprises of 105 males and 183 females were study to evaluate infection prevalence, awareness, and sexual health behaviors influencing transmission. Data collection was done using a structured questionnaire capturing demographic information, awareness levels, and risk-related behaviors, alongside rapid diagnostic testing for N. gonorrhoeae. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to analyze relationships between demographic variables and infection risk. Findings indicated a prevalence of 8 (2.78%), with a higher rate observed among males 5 (4.76%) than females 3 (1.64%). The higher prevalence among males and those within younger age brackets suggests behavioral patterns and risk perceptions that could be addressed through targeted public health interventions. Additionally, the study emphasizes a significant gap in awareness of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, underlining the need for improved health education focused on sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention. Infection was more frequent among individuals aged 16-20 years with males having high incidences and 21-25 years with females having the highest incidences, highlighting age-specific vulnerabilities. The risk factors included inconsistent condom use, limited awareness of N. gonorrhoeae, and a history of multiple sexual partners. Gender and educational background were significantly associated with awareness and preventive behaviors. Generally, the findings underscore the necessity of accessible sexual health services, community-based education programs, and socioeconomic support systems to address not only STI risks but also broader health disparities. Targeted interventions that consider both individual behaviors and social determinants of health may be effective in reducing the prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and improving the sexual health of youths in Obigbo, ultimately contributing to healthier and more informed communities in Rivers State.

Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae among Individuals in Obigbo, Rivers State Olotu, Olayemi Favour; Kenneth, Imarenezor Edobor Peter
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 2 No 1 (2025): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v2i1.4591

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major public health concern due to potential for severe complication of infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease. This study assessed the prevalence and risk factors associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection among youths in Obigbo, Rivers State, Nigeria. Using a cross-sectional design, 288 participants aged 16-35 years comprises of 105 males and 183 females were study to evaluate infection prevalence, awareness, and sexual health behaviors influencing transmission. Data collection was done using a structured questionnaire capturing demographic information, awareness levels, and risk-related behaviors, alongside rapid diagnostic testing for N. gonorrhoeae. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to analyze relationships between demographic variables and infection risk. Findings indicated a prevalence of 8 (2.78%), with a higher rate observed among males 5 (4.76%) than females 3 (1.64%). The higher prevalence among males and those within younger age brackets suggests behavioral patterns and risk perceptions that could be addressed through targeted public health interventions. Additionally, the study emphasizes a significant gap in awareness of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, underlining the need for improved health education focused on sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention. Infection was more frequent among individuals aged 16-20 years with males having high incidences and 21-25 years with females having the highest incidences, highlighting age-specific vulnerabilities. The risk factors included inconsistent condom use, limited awareness of N. gonorrhoeae, and a history of multiple sexual partners. Gender and educational background were significantly associated with awareness and preventive behaviors. Generally, the findings underscore the necessity of accessible sexual health services, community-based education programs, and socioeconomic support systems to address not only STI risks but also broader health disparities. Targeted interventions that consider both individual behaviors and social determinants of health may be effective in reducing the prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and improving the sexual health of youths in Obigbo, ultimately contributing to healthier and more informed communities in Rivers State.

Determinants of Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices Among Mothers of Infants [0-6 Months] Attending Immunization Clinic in University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Rivers State Chinyere, Dim Lilian; Kenneth, Imarenezor Edobor Peter
African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research Vol 2 No 1 (2025): African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajcmpr.v2i1.4592

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first six months of life is essential for an infant's optimal growth, immunity, and development. However, global adherence remains inadequate, particularly in developing regions. This study aimed to explore the factors influencing EBF practices among mothers of infants aged 0-6 months attending the immunization clinic at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) in Rivers State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional approach, data were gathered from 382 mothers through structured questionnaires. Analysis was done using Pearson correlation and chi-square tests. The findings showed that social support from healthcare providers, family and breastfeeding support groups played a crucial role in encouraging EBF. A substantial portion of mothers (47.1%) receive help with breastfeeding decisions from healthcare providers, followed by 39.3% from husbands or relatives and 13.6% from friends. Encouragement from husbands or family members plays a crucial role, with 83.8% of mothers reporting support in this regard. Additionally, 26.2% of mothers participate in breastfeeding support groups, and 75.9% of healthcare providers discuss the benefits of breastfeeding with them, further supporting their decisions. A notable 68.1% of healthcare providers assist with the initiation of breastfeeding, and 39.3% receive post-discharge breastfeeding support. The influence of healthcare providers in the decision to exclusive breastfeeding is significant, with 47.1% attributing their decision to this guidance. The findings show that significant correlations were observed between breastfeeding education and antenatal clinic attendance (r = 0.33, p < 0.001), as well as between belief in breastfeeding benefits and the number of antenatal visits (r = 0.22, sp < 0.01). The findings show that attending antenatal clinics, receiving breastfeeding education, and strong belief in the benefits of breastfeeding were positively associated with the practice of EBF. Additionally, factors like the place of delivery, mode of delivery, and home delivery supervisor also played a significant role in determining exclusive breastfeeding practices. Logistic regression analysis further highlighted that maternal education, healthcare support, and socioeconomic factors were key predictors of EBF practices. Conclusively, this study highlights the importance of social support, breastfeeding education, and healthcare provider encouragement in promoting EBF practices. Targeted interventions that focus on enhancing breastfeeding education during antenatal visits and addressing cultural and healthcare-related barriers are recommended to improve EBF rates among mothers attending UPTH and in Rivers State.

Prevalence of Hepatitis D Virus Co-Infection among HBsAg-Positive Patients in Abakaliki Metropolis, Ebonyi State, Nigeria Azibanyam, Okosigha Saviour; Kenneth, Imarenezor Edobor Peter; Vivian, Anyiam Ifeoma
African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajcmpr.v2i3.7484

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective RNA virus that requires co-infection with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) for replication and expression. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HDV co-infection among HBsAg-positive patients in Abakaliki Metropolis, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional analytical design was employed, involving 1,000 patients who presented at the Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (FETHA) and Mile 4 Hospital Ishieke during the study period. Screening for HBV infection was conducted using the Skytec one-step rapid diagnostic kit, identifying 89 (8.9%) HBsAg-positive individuals. Subsequently, anti-HDV IgM serology testing was performed using ELISA on serum samples from HBsAg-positive patients to detect HDV co-infection. HDV IgM antibodies were detected in 5 (5.6%) of the HBsAg-positive patients—four pregnant women and one blood donor. Age-specific HBsAg prevalence was highest in the 24–28-year age group (13.5%), followed by 19–23 years (9.4%) and 29–33 years (4.0%). Married individuals exhibited a higher prevalence (16.6%) than singles (4.8%). Educational level was also associated with prevalence, with tertiary education holders showing the highest rate (20.0%) compared to those with primary education (4.8%). Based on occupation, the highest HBsAg prevalence was recorded among housewives (25.0%), followed by traders (14.7%), students (9.4%), and civil servants (4.3%). The presence of HDV co-infection highlights its potential to exacerbate the clinical course of HBV infection. The study recommends routine HDV screening among HBsAg-positive patients for early detection and clinical management. Additionally, public health interventions should include RNA-based diagnostic tools, increased awareness of HBV/HDV risks in high-risk populations, and integrated care strategies tailored to region-specific epidemiological patterns in Nigeria.

Determination of Antagonistic Effects of Sludge and Urine-Associated Bacteria against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Kenneth, Imarenezor Edobor Peter; Ngozi, Opara Christiana; Samson, Efere Yarwadum
African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research Vol 3 No 1 (2026): African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajcmpr.v3i1.8284

Abattoirs, due to their very many activities, is a source of microbial diversity, many of which are able to prevent the growth of other closely related bacteria. Hence, this work was carried out to isolate and identify bacteria from sludge and urine, and evaluate their antagonistic effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The antagonistic effects of bacterial pathogens from abattoir sludge against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The culture and identification of bacteria from abattoir sludge was done using standard microbiological techniques and the bacterial antagonism assay was done using the overlay method. From the abattoir sludge, Bacillus species (37.5%) was the most prevalent, followed by Shigella species (12.5%), Escherichia coli (12.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (12.5%), Proteus species (12.5%), and Klebsieilla. species (12.5%). The bacterial isolates were most resistant to Ciprofloxacin, Cefotaxime, Cefuroxime, Imipenem and most sensitive to Nitrofurantoin, Nalixidic Acid, Gentamicin, Erythromycin, Ofloxacin, AZN. From the study, none of these abattoir sludge-associated bacteria showed antagonistic effect against Staphylococcus aureus and against Escherichia coli. This study demonstrates the antagonistic potential of sludge and urine-associated bacteria against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The identified isolates, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, exhibited significant inhibitory activity, suggesting their potential as sources of novel antimicrobial compounds. These findings highlight the importance of exploring environmental and human-associated microbiota for bioactive molecules that could address the growing challenge of antibiotic resistance.

Prevalence of Group B Streptococcus among Individuals in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, South South, Nigeria Patrick, Edafe Ejiro; Kenneth, Imarenezor Edobor Peter; Ifeoma, Anyiam Vivian; Akpomedaye, Salvage
African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajmsphr.v1i1.4036

Streptococcus agalactiae also known as Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a Gram-positive bacterium that primarily colonizes the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts of humans. While it is a commensal organism in many healthy individuals, GBS can become pathogenic, causing a variety of infections. This study investigated the prevalence of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization among adults in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria, to assess the distribution of GBS across various age groups and between sexes. A total of 185 individuals were included in the study which comprises of both male and female across different age groups (16–35 years). The specimens were cultured on Todd-Hewitt broth and Columbia Blood Agar. Morphological and biochemical tests, including Gram staining, CAMP test, and Hippurate Hydrolysis test, were performed to confirm the presence of GBS.Morphological analysis revealed small to medium-sized, grayish-white, beta-hemolytic colonies with characteristic cocci in pairs or chains, confirming Streptococcus agalactiae. The overall prevalence of GBS colonization was found to be 5.95%, with 5.17% in males and 6.30% in females. The highest prevalence was observed in the age group 31–35 years among females (16.00%) and in the 26–30 age group among males (9.09%). This study result provides essential baseline data on GBS prevalence among individuals in Yenagoa, highlighting the need for continued surveillance and targeted interventions in this area to reduce the risk of GBS transmission.

Responsiveness and Acceptability for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Vaccine Among Parents of Adolescent Girls in Port Harcourt City, Rivers State Ugochi N, Bright-Okere; Kenneth, Imarenezor Edobor Peter
African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research Vol 2 No 1 (2025): African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajmsphr.v2i1.4536

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infections and cervical cancer in Nigeria is of high prevalence. Despite this, the acceptance and utilization of the HPV vaccine which has a high effective preventive measure remain low. The aim of the study was to examine the responsiveness and acceptability of the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine among parents of adolescent girls in Rivers State, particularly Port Harcourt City. A descriptive cross-sectional study was adopted for this study. A multi-stage sampling method was used for recruiting a total of three hundred and fifty-seven (357) parents with one hundred and eighty (180) males and one hundred and seventy-seven (177) females used in the study across different age groups (21–60) years for the investigation. The results data obtained using an interviewer based semi-structured questionnaire and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29 was used in the data analysis. The findings disclosed varying degrees of awareness and understanding of HPV, cervical cancer, and the HPV vaccine, with healthcare providers being the primary source of information 120 (33.6%). Cultural beliefs and religious factors significantly affect vaccine acceptance by 180 (50.4%) and 120 (36.4%) respectively. In terms of Responses on attitude and perceptions regarding safety and efficacy of HPV vaccine, 210 (58.8%) are aware and ready to accept the vaccine, 70 (19.6%) are not ready to take the vaccine while 77 (21.6%) are not sure if they are ready to accept the vaccine. Barriers like cost and accessibility also influence willingness to vaccinate, as findings showed majority of the participants feel the high cost, location and availability of the vaccines is an issue. Statistically, a positive and statistically significant correlation (r = 0.230, p < 0.01) was found between cultural beliefs in the community and the likelihood of vaccinating daughters if religious leaders encourage it. On the other hand, the correlation between cultural beliefs and perceived affordability of the HPV vaccine were negative (r = -0.115, p < 0.05), indicating that parents who consider cultural beliefs in their decision-making may also perceive the vaccine as less affordable, potentially limiting access for financially constrained families. Similarly, there is a positive correlation between the likelihood of vaccinating if religious leaders encourage it and the perceived affordability of the vaccine (r = 0.187, p < 0.01). This suggests that religious influence may reduce the perceived financial barrier, perhaps by increasing the perceived importance of vaccination among parents. Interestingly, the perceived affordability of the vaccine is also negatively correlated with refraining from healthcare services This study in all, revealed important influences between socio-cultural, economic, and service delivery elements in shaping vaccine uptake and emphasizes the need for enhanced education, reduced logistical obstacles, and a focus on addressing cultural concerns to improve both acceptability and accessibility of the HPV vaccine in the study area. Also, the result provides essential baseline data on HPV prevalence among individuals in Port Harcourt City, highlighting the need for continued surveillance and targeted interventions in this area to reduce the risk of HPV transmission.

Menstrual Hygiene Management Among Adolescent Girls in Selected Secondary Schools in Ahoada, Rivers State Afoma, Onyenanu Obiageli; Kenneth, Imarenezor Edobor Peter
African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajmsphr.v2i2.6066

Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) is a critical public health and educational issue affecting adolescent girls, particularly in low-resource settings. In Ahoada, Rivers State, Nigeria, many adolescent girls face significant challenges in managing menstruation due to limited access to sanitary products, inadequate sanitation facilities, and insufficient knowledge about menstrual health. These challenges contribute to adverse outcomes such as poor self-esteem, emotional distress, increased absenteeism, and diminished academic performance. This study investigated MHM practices among adolescent girls in selected secondary schools in Ahoada, aiming to provide evidence to inform policy and programmatic interventions. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, and data were collected from 300 adolescent girls using a structured questionnaire. The findings revealed that 73% of respondents lacked access to sanitary pads, 60% reported missing school during menstruation, and 67% experienced menstrual-related stigma. Emotional distress or anxiety during menstruation was reported by 70% of participants, while 63% indicated that menstruation negatively impacted their academic performance. Additionally, 27% of the respondents demonstrated inadequate knowledge of menstrual hygiene. The study highlights the pressing need for comprehensive, school-based interventions, including menstrual hygiene education, improved water and sanitation infrastructure, and access to affordable sanitary products. These findings contribute to the limited body of literature on MHM in Rivers State and underscore the importance of addressing menstrual health to support adolescent girls' well-being and educational attainment.

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