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All Journal Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Open Access DRIVERset
Lenfa, Nuhu Buhari
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Thermo-Oxidative Stabilities of Biolubricant Blends Derived from Butter, Palm Oil, Shea Butter, and Tallow as Potential Alternatives to Fossil Oils Lenfa, Nuhu Buhari; Anterinwa, A.; Aliyu, B. A.; Yakubu, A.
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 2 No 3 (2025): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v2i3.7897

Abstract

The growing interest in biobased lubricants presents a sustainable alternative to petroleum-derived base oils, with significant potential to reduce environmental pollution. Vegetable oils, known for their rapid biodegradability, offer promising prospects as base fluids in the formulation of environmentally friendly lubricants. However, their practical application is often hindered by inherent limitations such as poor oxidative and low-temperature stability. This study evaluates the thermo-oxidative performance of six biolubricant blends derived from Shea butter, palm oil, butter, and tallow oils. Using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the thermal and oxidative stability of each blend was assessed. Among the tested samples, the Shea butter–butter oil blend (SBBOL) exhibited the highest thermal and oxidative stability, with decomposition temperatures of approximately 560 °C and 450 °C at 90% weight loss, respectively. The tallow–Shea butter blend (TSBOL) demonstrated a thermal stability of 520 °C, while the butter–tallow blend showed enhanced oxidative resistance at 410 °C. Other blends, including palm oil–tallow (POTOL) and butter–tallow (BTOL), exhibited thermal stability values of 510 °C and 410 °C, respectively, with corresponding oxidative stabilities of 367 °C and 410 °C. The findings confirm that physical blending of biolubricants enhances their thermo-oxidative properties. The role of oxygen in accelerating degradation at elevated temperatures further underscores the need for optimized formulations to extend lubricant life and performance. This study contributes to the advancement of eco-friendly lubrication technologies through improved biolubricant formulation strategies.
Low-Temperature Chemical Modification Challenges of Tallow, Butter, Palm Oil, and Palm-Based Biolubricants as Alternative Substitutes for Fossil Oils Lenfa, Nuhu Buhari; Anterinwa, A.; Aliyu, B. A.; Yakubu, A.
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 2 No 3 (2025): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v2i3.7902

Abstract

Plant-derived oils such as Shea butter and palm kernel oil—abundant in African countries, particularly Nigeria—exhibit significant potential for use in lubrication, industrial processes, and transportation applications. Similarly, animal fats including butter and tallow may serve as viable alternatives for biolubricant production. This study investigates the low-temperature performance—specifically the cloud and pour points—of biolubricant oils synthesized from palm oil, Shea butter, butter, and tallow using various laboratory-based methods, including methanolic solvent extraction. The research addresses the environmental impact of conventional lubricants, which often contain harmful substances such as heavy metals and are frequently disposed of indiscriminately. Experimental results demonstrate that the pour point of palm oil modified with polymethacrylate (TPMA) improved to –9.5 °C, compared to –5 °C without additives. The Shea butter–polymethacrylate blend (SBPMA) exhibited a pour point of –3.5 °C, while modified palm oil (POPMA) improved from 7.2 °C to –5 °C. Butter oil derived from milk (BOPPG) showed a cloud point of –5 °C, whereas the Shea butter–polypropylene glycol blend (SBPPG) had a pour point of –6 °C. Notably, the tallow oil–polypropylene glycol blend (TOPPG) exhibited the lowest cloud point at –8 °C. These improvements are attributed to the inclusion of polymethacrylate and polypropylene glycols, which enhance the oils’ low-temperature properties. The findings highlight the significance of chemical modification in overcoming the limitations of biolubricants under cold conditions, positioning them as more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to fossil-based lubricants.
Thermo-Oxidative Stabilities of Biolubricant Blends Derived from Butter, Palm Oil, Shea Butter, and Tallow as Potential Alternatives to Fossil Oils Lenfa, Nuhu Buhari; Anterinwa, A.; Aliyu, B. A.; Yakubu, A.
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 2 No 3 (2025): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v2i3.7897

Abstract

The growing interest in biobased lubricants presents a sustainable alternative to petroleum-derived base oils, with significant potential to reduce environmental pollution. Vegetable oils, known for their rapid biodegradability, offer promising prospects as base fluids in the formulation of environmentally friendly lubricants. However, their practical application is often hindered by inherent limitations such as poor oxidative and low-temperature stability. This study evaluates the thermo-oxidative performance of six biolubricant blends derived from Shea butter, palm oil, butter, and tallow oils. Using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the thermal and oxidative stability of each blend was assessed. Among the tested samples, the Shea butter–butter oil blend (SBBOL) exhibited the highest thermal and oxidative stability, with decomposition temperatures of approximately 560 °C and 450 °C at 90% weight loss, respectively. The tallow–Shea butter blend (TSBOL) demonstrated a thermal stability of 520 °C, while the butter–tallow blend showed enhanced oxidative resistance at 410 °C. Other blends, including palm oil–tallow (POTOL) and butter–tallow (BTOL), exhibited thermal stability values of 510 °C and 410 °C, respectively, with corresponding oxidative stabilities of 367 °C and 410 °C. The findings confirm that physical blending of biolubricants enhances their thermo-oxidative properties. The role of oxygen in accelerating degradation at elevated temperatures further underscores the need for optimized formulations to extend lubricant life and performance. This study contributes to the advancement of eco-friendly lubrication technologies through improved biolubricant formulation strategies.
Low-Temperature Chemical Modification Challenges of Tallow, Butter, Palm Oil, and Palm-Based Biolubricants as Alternative Substitutes for Fossil Oils Lenfa, Nuhu Buhari; Anterinwa, A.; Aliyu, B. A.; Yakubu, A.
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 2 No 3 (2025): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v2i3.7902

Abstract

Plant-derived oils such as Shea butter and palm kernel oil—abundant in African countries, particularly Nigeria—exhibit significant potential for use in lubrication, industrial processes, and transportation applications. Similarly, animal fats including butter and tallow may serve as viable alternatives for biolubricant production. This study investigates the low-temperature performance—specifically the cloud and pour points—of biolubricant oils synthesized from palm oil, Shea butter, butter, and tallow using various laboratory-based methods, including methanolic solvent extraction. The research addresses the environmental impact of conventional lubricants, which often contain harmful substances such as heavy metals and are frequently disposed of indiscriminately. Experimental results demonstrate that the pour point of palm oil modified with polymethacrylate (TPMA) improved to –9.5 °C, compared to –5 °C without additives. The Shea butter–polymethacrylate blend (SBPMA) exhibited a pour point of –3.5 °C, while modified palm oil (POPMA) improved from 7.2 °C to –5 °C. Butter oil derived from milk (BOPPG) showed a cloud point of –5 °C, whereas the Shea butter–polypropylene glycol blend (SBPPG) had a pour point of –6 °C. Notably, the tallow oil–polypropylene glycol blend (TOPPG) exhibited the lowest cloud point at –8 °C. These improvements are attributed to the inclusion of polymethacrylate and polypropylene glycols, which enhance the oils’ low-temperature properties. The findings highlight the significance of chemical modification in overcoming the limitations of biolubricants under cold conditions, positioning them as more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to fossil-based lubricants.
Co-Authors A. Yakubu Aliyu, B. A. Anterinwa, A.