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All Journal IJEFSD
Odek, Antony Wando
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Economics, Econometrics & Finance

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Do Land Rights Unlock Women’s Participation? Insights from Smallholder Farming in Mbeere South, Kenya Muthee, Alexander Njue; Vundi, Nason; Odek, Antony Wando
International Journal on Economics, Finance and Sustainable Development Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): International Journal on Economics, Finance and Sustainable Development (IJEFSD
Publisher : Research Parks Publishers

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31149/ijefsd.v8i1.5639

Abstract

Women provide most of the labor in smallholder farming, yet their control over land remains limited. riculture is done by women while their ownership of land is constrained. This research sought to establish the relationship between the rights to land and women's in. It specifically focused on land access, ownership documentation, control over farming decisions, and awareness of legal rights. Using a descriptive, mixed-methods design, 310 women were sampled from a population of 1,562 through stratified and simple random sampling. Data came from questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus groups. Quantitative data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, and ordinal regression; qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Results show 60.2% of women had full land access, but only 5.5% had sole ownership. All women with full rights awareness and 80.7% of independent decision-makers had high participation. Significant associations were found (χ² up to 53.074, p < 0.01). Regression results highlight that limited decision-making (β = -1.605, p = 0.005) and low rights awareness (β = -18.762, p < 0.001) reduce participation. The study finds that secure land rights, decision-making autonomy, and knowledge of entitlements strongly shape engagement, while gaps in control and awareness keep many women from fully participating in farming.
Urban Poverty and Primary Education Sustainability Access: The Influence of Parental Income in Nairobi Informal Settlements, Kenya Owuor, Oketch David; Ajuoga, Milkah; Odek, Antony Wando
International Journal on Economics, Finance and Sustainable Development Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): International Journal on Economics, Finance and Sustainable Development (IJEFSD
Publisher : Research Parks Publishers

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31149/ijefsd.v8i1.5640

Abstract

Children residing in urban informal settlements continue to have differing levels and access to education services despite the free primary education program and policies to support children’s transition to school within Kenya. This study examines how parental income impacts the ability of children, living in three informal settlements (Kibera, Mathare and Korogocho), to gain access to primary education. Using a mixed methods approach, the study analyzed survey data from 347 respondents, 11 interviews and nine focus groups, and the findings supported Educational Productivity Theory and Classical Liberal Theory of Equal Opportunity. The results of the study indicated that having adequate school materials positively impacted the children’s attendance and accessibility to school (β = 0.35). Poverty negatively impacted children’s access to education (β = 0.25). There was a moderate association between unemployment and psychosocial factors, giving a moderate association (β = 0.16, p = 0.031). A connection also existed between job losses and psychosocial factors. From qualitative data from the participants, one can conclude that parents struggle to satisfy their children’s educational requirements like buying school uniform and ensuring they have something to eat. The current study indicates that family material and financial resources are positively associated with educational opportunities for children.
Co-Authors Ajuoga, Milkah Muthee, Alexander Njue Owuor, Oketch David Vundi, Nason