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All Journal CHEMPUBLISH JOURNAL Indonesian Journal of Chemical Analysis (IJCA)
Karelius , Karelius
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Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Environmental Science

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Synthesis of Sulfated and CaO-Modified UiO-66 Bifunctional Catalysts from Zircon Sand for Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil Karelius , Karelius; Pasaribu, Marvin Horale; Agnestisia, Retno; Pratika, Remi Ayu; Toepak, Erwin Prasetya
Chempublish Journal Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026): Chempublish Journal (January - June)
Publisher : Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Jambi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22437/chp.v10i1.49575

Abstract

Zircon-based UiO-66 metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized from Central Kalimantan zircon sand and modified into bifunctional catalysts for two-step biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO). Zirconium oxychloride (ZrOCl₂·8H₂O), obtained via acid leaching of zircon sand, served as the precursor for solvothermal UiO-66 synthesis using terephthalic acid (H₂BDC) as a linker. Post-synthetic modifications yielded sulfated UiO-66 (UiO-66/SO₄) as an acid catalyst and CaO-modified UiO-66 (UiO-66/CaO) as a base catalyst. XRD analysis displayed sharp reflections at 2θ = 7.4°, 8.5°, 25.8°, and 30.8° for UiO-66, with additional peaks at 17.7°, 33.8°, and 46.8° corresponding to CaO and Ca(OH)₂ phases, and a new band at 1114 cm-1 confirming sulfate incorporation—indicating successful formation of acid–base composite structures. Catalytic tests were conducted at varying catalyst loadings of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%. The UiO-66/SO₄ catalyst achieved the highest esterification efficiency at 0.5% loading, reducing the free fatty acid (FFA) content by 51.7%. Similarly, UiO-66/CaO exhibited optimum transesterification activity at 0.5% loading, yielding 61.82% biodiesel. FTIR spectra of the products confirmed fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) formation with characteristic C=O (1744 cm-1), C–O (1165, 1031 cm-1), and CH₃ (1456 cm-1) vibrations. These results demonstrate that zircon-sand-derived UiO-66 catalysts possess excellent structural stability, synergistic acid–base functionality, and strong catalytic efficiency, providing a sustainable pathway for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
Waste-Derived Synthesis of Fe3O4/UiO-66 from Zircon Sand for Photo-Fenton Degradation of Humic Acid Toepak, Erwin Prasetya; Pasaribu, Marvin Horale; Kurniawati, Neny; Damsyik, Akhmad; Agnestisia, Retno; Karelius , Karelius
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Analysis (IJCA) Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Chemical Analysis
Publisher : Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/ijca.vol9.iss2.art2

Abstract

Colored peat water containing high concentrations of humic substances poses a significant challenge for conventional water treatment processes. In this work, a magnetically recoverable Fe3O4/UiO-66 composite was synthesized from zircon sand processing residues and magnetic waste as precursors and evaluated as a photo-Fenton catalyst for humic acid degradation. Magnetite (Fe3O4) was prepared from magnetic residues, while UiO-66 was synthesized from zircon-derived precursors, followed by solvothermal fabrication of Fe3O4/UiO-66 composites with different mass ratios. Structural and morphological characterization using FTIR, XRD, and SEM confirmed the formation of a crystalline magnetite integrated with a porous UiO-66 framework, indicating a heterogeneous architecture favorable for catalytic applications. Photo-Fenton performance tests under UV irradiation demonstrated that the Fe3O4/UiO-66 composite with a 1:2 mass ratio exhibited the highest humic acid removal efficiency, reaching approximately 93.6%, outperforming pristine Fe3O4 and UiO-66. Optimization of hydrogen peroxide dosage revealed that volumes between 0.75-1.0 mL provided optimal radical generation without noticeable scavenging effects. Kinetic analysis indicated that the degradation process followed a pseudo-second-order model, suggesting that surface-mediated radical interactions governed the reaction. Overall, the results demonstrate the feasibility of converting zircon-processing residues into a functional and magnetically recoverable Fe3O4/UiO-66 catalyst for humic acid treatment.
Co-Authors Damsyik, Akhmad Erwin Prasetya Toepak Kurniawati, Neny Marvin Horale Pasaribu Remi Ayu Pratika Retno Agnestisia