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All Journal PALAR : Pakuan Law Review
Guntur Eko Saputro
Doctoral of Defense Science, Indonesia Defence University, Indonesia
Humanities Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Transforming Terrestrial Defense Doctrines In Response To Cyber And Space Domain Threats Lusiana Dwiyanti; Robby MT; Guntur Eko Saputro
PALAR (Pakuan Law review) Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): Volume 12, Number 1 January-March 2026
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS PAKUAN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33751/palar.v12i1.40

Abstract

In the era of multidomain warfare, conventional land defense doctrines encounter fundamental challenges stemming from the proliferation of cyber and space threats, which obscure traditional operational boundaries and accelerate the dynamics of asymmetric conflicts. The background of this study is rooted in the inadequacy of national military doctrines to counter hybrid attacks, wherein cyber incidents such as breaches of defense networks and satellite interference jeopardize the integrity of land operations, as evidenced by post-2020 escalations in the Indo-Pacific region. This research aims to analyze the transformation of land defense doctrines in order to integrate resilience across cyber and space dimensions, while formulating policy recommendations aligned with the national defense vision, with a particular emphasis on strategic adaptation and multidomain operations (MDO) to bolster national resilience. Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative approach, employing thematic analysis of policy documents and strategic frameworks. The findings reveal the necessity for a fundamental restructuring of land defense doctrines across three domains: conceptual adaptation to the multidomain warfare paradigm, technological modernization of critical defense infrastructure, and institutional reform of command and control structures. The study's conclusion affirms that successful doctrine transformation demands the implementation of an integrated Multidomain Operations framework, substantial investments in cyber-space capabilities, and strategic partnerships with national and international stakeholders. Keywords: Doctrine Transformation, Cyber Threats, Outer Space, Multidomain Operations, Indonesian Land Defense.
Fragmentation of Authority in National Cyber Defense A Legal Analysis of Overlapping Inter-Agency Authority and the Urgency of Integrated Command Restu Putri Pamungkas; Bambang Kustiawan; Asep Adang Supriyadi; Guntur Eko Saputro
PALAR (Pakuan Law review) Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): Volume 12, Number 1 January-March 2026
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS PAKUAN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33751/palar.v12i1.41

Abstract

The evolution of cyberspace as the fifth domain of warfare has transformed the national defense landscape, where hybrid threats can now disrupt sovereignty without physical war declarations. Indonesia responds to this challenge through the Total People's Defense and Security System (Sishankamrata) doctrine, yet its implementation is hindered by acute institutional fragmentation. This study aims to analyze the implications of regulatory disharmony on strategic defense effectiveness and formulate an ideal legal construction for national cyber governance. Using normative legal research methods with statutory and conceptual approaches, this study finds that current sectoral regulations create legal antinomy between defense mandates (Military/TNI), law enforcement (Police/Polri), and administrative security (National Cyber and Crypto Agency/BSSN). An asymmetry of authority is identified where BSSN, as the coordinator, is based only on a Presidential Regulation, lacking operational coercive power over institutions established by Law. The absence of legal escalation mechanisms in the "grey zone" leads to decision-making paralysis during crises. This study concludes the need for legal reconstruction through the enactment of a Cyber Security and Defense Law as lex specialis. This law must institutionalize a Unified Command System that establishes a single authority and clear thresholds for transferring operational control from civil to military domains, ensuring a rapid, integrated, and legally certain state response. Keywords: National Cyber Security Policy, Strategic Defense, Authority Fragmentation, Unified Command, Total Defense System.
Reconstructing International Humanitarian Law for the Use of Autonomous Weapon Systems in Modern Defence: Addressing Meaningful Human Control and the Accountability Gap Nanang Yulian; Bambang Kustiawan; Asep Adang Supriyadi; Guntur Eko Saputro
PALAR (Pakuan Law review) Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): Volume 12, Number 1 January-March 2026
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS PAKUAN

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33751/palar.v12i1.46

Abstract

The rapid deployment of Autonomous Weapon Systems (AWS) is reshaping contemporary defence strategies and testing the adequacy of existing International Humanitarian Law (IHL). This research offers a normative legal analysis of the relationship between autonomous lethal decision-making and core IHL principles, particularly distinction, proportionality, and precautions in attack. Combining doctrinal methods with a systematic bibliometric review of 621 Scopus-indexed publications, the study empirically maps the global debate and identifies structural gaps between advances in military AI and current accountability regimes. The findings reveal a persistent accountability gap when AWS operate unpredictably, undermining individual criminal responsibility and victims’ right to remedy. To address this, the article proposes a reconstruction of IHL centred on robust standards of Meaningful Human Control, algorithmic transparency, and the integration of co-active design as a legal design requirement for AWS. This reconstruction aims to ensure that technological modernisation in warfare does not erode human dignity, but remains anchored in human agency and enforceable legal responsibility. Keywords: Autonomous Weapon Systems; International Humanitarian Law; Meaningful Human Control; accountability gap; co-active design; war torts.
Co-Authors Asep Adang Supriyadi Bambang Kustiawan Lusiana Dwiyanti Nanang Yulian Restu Putri Pamungkas Robby MT