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All Journal Journal of Social Research Jurnal Ilmu Multidisplin Siber Nusantara of Law and Politic Review (SNLPR)
Irma Maulida
Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati, Cirebon, Indonesia
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Computer Science & IT Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Public Health Social Sciences

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Legal Protection for Kitcar Manufacturing Based on Motor Vehicle Customization Regulations in Indonesia Okeu Nanda Oktavia; Danyla Faza Lutfia; Fitri Aprianti; Irma Maulida; Rd. Handiriono
Journal of Social Research Vol. 4 No. 6 (2025): Journal of Social Research
Publisher : International Journal Labs

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55324/josr.v4i6.2531

Abstract

Car designs owned by industrial design owners have exclusive rights to exercise moral rights and economic rights. However, this right has a certain time limit, as long as the product's design is still under the registrant's ownership. This often causes problems related to industrial designs by other parties who are not entitled to the use of similar designs, such as kitcar production practices in Indonesia. The kitcar certification process typically involves several stages that must be passed by the vehicle assembler or manufacturer to ensure that the vehicle meets applicable standards by testing safety and environmental standards. This study aims to find out the legal protection related to industrial design used in the manufacture of kitcars in Indonesia and to find out the regulations regarding kitcar certification in Indonesia. This study uses a normative juridical approach consisting of two sources, namely primary materials and secondary data. The primary material used in this study is laws and regulations. Meanwhile, the secondary materials used are the results of research interviews, expert opinions in books, journals, and articles related to this research. The results of this study prove that kitcar manufacturing activities are not included in violations, as long as the industrial design used is in accordance with applicable provisions and its legality has been regulated in terms of reviews related to legal protection of industrial design and legal certainty regarding kitcar certification. This kitcar activity is not categorized as a violation as long as the industrial design used in its manufacture has expired its protection period and the nature of the design has become public property. So, the industrial design can be used freely. Kitcar needs to follow several stages of testing that have been regulated in legislation. If all stages of testing have been met, the status of the kitcar can be declared legal.
Perlindungan Hukum Korban Kekerasan Seksual Tenaga Kesehatan di Lingkungan Kerja Novy Ayu Silvayani Daniar; Irma Maulida
Jurnal Ilmu Multidisiplin Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): Jurnal Ilmu Multidisplin (Juni - Juli 2026)
Publisher : Green Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/jim.v5i2.2258

Abstract

Penelitian ini membahas perlindungan hukum terhadap korban kekerasan seksual di lingkungan kerja tenaga medis serta upaya hukum yang dapat ditempuh korban dalam memperoleh keadilan. Permasalahan kekerasan seksual di lingkungan kerja tenaga medis tidak hanya berkaitan dengan tindakan pelaku, tetapi juga dipengaruhi oleh relasi kuasa, budaya kerja hierarkis, ketergantungan profesional, serta lemahnya keberanian korban untuk melapor. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis empiris dengan menelaah peraturan perundang-undangan, kode etik profesi, putusan atau berkas perkara, serta data empiris melalui wawancara dan observasi. Secara normatif, perlindungan terhadap korban telah diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan, Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual, serta ketentuan etik profesi yang menekankan larangan penyalahgunaan kewenangan dan perilaku seksual yang merugikan korban. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan hukum bagi korban telah diakui secara formal, namun pelaksanaannya belum sepenuhnya efektif karena korban masih menghadapi hambatan berupa tekanan psikologis, ketakutan terhadap karier, relasi kerja yang timpang, stigma, serta kesulitan pembuktian, khususnya dalam kekerasan seksual nonfisik. Upaya hukum yang dapat dilakukan korban meliputi pelaporan kepada aparat penegak hukum, pengaduan kepada institusi tempat kerja, pengaduan etik atau disiplin profesi, serta permohonan pendampingan hukum dan psikologis. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa perlindungan hukum terhadap korban kekerasan seksual di lingkungan kerja tenaga medis perlu dilaksanakan melalui mekanisme pelaporan yang aman, rahasia, berpihak kepada korban, serta didukung oleh pengawasan internal dan penegakan hukum yang tegas.
Liability of Digital Business Actors in Marketplace Agreements Rofiq Nurudin; Irma Maulida
Siber Nusantara of Law and Politic Review Vol. 2 No. 2 (2026): Siber Nusantara of Law and Politic Review (April - September 2026)
Publisher : Siber Nusantara Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/snlpr.v2i2.834

Abstract

The rapid development of marketplaces as digital business actors in electronic transactions has significantly increased technology-based economic activities in Indonesia. However, the dominance of standard form contracts that are unilateral and exclusionary has created an imbalance in bargaining positions between business actors and consumers. This condition opens opportunities for the use of exoneration clauses that may limit or even transfer the liability of business actors. As a result, issues arise in consumer protection, along with a widening gap between legal norms and their implementation in practice, which is becoming increasingly complex. This study focuses on examining how the construction of marketplace liability as digital business actors is formulated in electronic transaction agreements, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of the consumer protection legal regime in Indonesia in regulating such practices comprehensively. The findings indicate that, normatively, the legal framework through the Consumer Protection Law, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and their implementing regulations has regulated the prohibition of liability limitations and the obligations of electronic system providers. However, in practice, marketplaces tend to utilize standard clauses to shift risks to sellers and consumers, resulting in a deviation between norms (das sollen) and practice (das sein). Moreover, the factual role of marketplaces, which includes controlling transaction systems, managing funds, and determining dispute resolution mechanisms, demonstrates that marketplaces can no longer be positioned as passive intermediaries. This inconsistency has led to weak consumer protection that remains formalistic and reactive, and has not yet ensured fair and comprehensive compensation for losses. Therefore, it is necessary to reconstruct marketplace liability through regulatory strengthening, limiting exoneration clauses, and establishing independent, effective, and substantively just dispute resolution mechanisms.
Co-Authors Danyla Faza Lutfia Fitri Aprianti Novy Ayu Silvayani Daniar Okeu Nanda Oktavia Rd. Handiriono Rofiq Nurudin