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Nurrachmat Mulianto
Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia
Humanities Computer Science & IT Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Social Sciences

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Journal : journal of social research

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The Clinical Relevance of Serum Interleukin-21 in Grading Acne Vulgaris Ayu Kusuma Dewi; Muhammad Eko Irawanto; Arie Kusumawardani; Nugrohoaji Dharmawan; Nurrachmat Mulianto
Journal of Social Research Vol. 4 No. 11 (2025): Journal of Social Research
Publisher : International Journal Labs

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55324/josr.v4i10.2795

Abstract

Acne vulgaris (AV) is an inflammatory skin disorder with multifactorial pathogenesis involving genetics, hormones, and immune dysregulation. Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a pleiotropic cytokine mainly secreted by T follicular helper and Th17 cells, has been implicated in various inflammatory skin diseases. However, its role in AV remains unclear. This cross-sectional study included 46 patients with AV, classified into mild (n=19), moderate (n=16), and severe (n=11) groups. Serum IL-21 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Baseline characteristics were compared across groups, and interobserver reliability of AV severity grading was evaluated using Cohen’s kappa test. One-way ANOVA was applied to assess differences in IL-21 levels among severity groups, with a significance level set at p<0.05. The mean serum IL-21 level was highest in the severe AV group (303.53 pg/mL), followed by the moderate (223.7 pg/mL) and mild (213.2 pg/mL) groups. Although there was a trend toward increasing IL-21 levels with higher AV severity, statistical analysis revealed no significant difference among the three groups (p=0.130). Serum IL-21 levels were elevated in AV patients compared with previously reported healthy controls but did not differ significantly across severity levels. These findings suggest that IL-21 may play a role in the pathophysiology of AV, though it is not a reliable marker of clinical severity. Further case-control and tissue-based studies are needed to clarify its role.
Cluster Differentiation 133 Expression in Patients With Basal Cell Carcinoma: an Immunohistochemical Review Rahmat Firdaus Dwi Utama; Nugrohoaji Dharmawan; Ammarilis Murastami; Nurrachmat Mulianto; Novan Adi Setyawan
Journal of Social Research Vol. 4 No. 10 (2025): Journal of Social Research
Publisher : International Journal Labs

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55324/josr.v4i9.2802

Abstract

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common non-melanoma skin cancer in humans, developing on skin exposed to ultraviolet light and rarely metastasizing. Cancer stem cell markers such as CD133 have been extensively studied in various malignancies, but their expression in BCC remains controversial and has not been widely studied in Indonesia. Determine the difference in CD133 expression between BCC patients and normal skin. Analytical observational study with a case control design was conducted at Dr. Moewardi General Hospital in Surakarta from April to July 2025. The sample included 13 BCC tissues and 13 normal skin controls taken by consecutive sampling from paraffin blocks from 2021-2024. CD133 immunohistochemical staining was performed with Allred scoring by a single pathologist on at least four random fields of view. Descriptive analysis presented demographic characteristics and Allred scores, while the Chi square test was used to compare CD133 expression between groups with significance at p < 0.05. The mean CD133 Allred score was 7.15 ± 0.56 in KSB tissue and 7.31 ± 0.48 in normal skin. Strongly positive CD133 expression was found in 12/13 BCC patients and 13/13 normal skin. Chi square analysis showed no significant difference in CD133 expression between the BCC and normal skin groups (p=0.308). CD133 expression based on the Allred score did not differ significantly between BCC tissue and normal skin, indicating that CD133 is not useful as a single marker for the diagnosis or prognosis of KSB
The Effect of Oral Bromelain on Interleukin-6 Levels in Tissue of Acne Vulgaris Model Rats Laura noviani; Muhammad Eko Irawanto; Endra Yustin Ellistasari; Arie Kusumawardani; Nurrachmat Mulianto
Journal of Social Research Vol. 5 No. 4 (2026): Journal of Social Research
Publisher : International Journal Labs

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55324/josr.v5i4.3102

Abstract

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit associated with Cutibacterium acnes colonization and activation of the Toll-like receptor–NF-?B pathway, which upregulates production of inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). Bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme derived from pineapple (Ananas comosus), is known to possess anti-inflammatory properties; however, experimental evidence regarding its effect on inflammatory cytokines in acne remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of oral bromelain administration on IL-6 levels in the tissue of acne vulgaris model rats. This in vivo laboratory experimental study employed a posttest-only control group design. Fifteen male Sprague-Dawley rats induced with C. acnes were divided into three groups: normal control (K1), negative control (K2), and treatment group (P) receiving oral bromelain at 88 mg/kgBW/day for 21 days. Tissue IL-6 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc least significant difference (LSD) test. C. acnes induction significantly elevated tissue IL-6 levels compared to the normal control (p<0.001). One-way ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences in IL-6 levels between groups (p<0.001). The lowest IL-6 levels were observed in K1 (36.50±0.43) and the highest in K2 (94.01±0.57). The treatment group (P; 47.46±0.83) demonstrated significantly lower IL-6 levels than K2 and approximated K1 values. The post hoc LSD test confirmed statistically significant differences across all pairwise group comparisons (p<0.001). Oral bromelain administration effectively reduced IL-6 levels in the tissue of acne vulgaris model rats, demonstrating significant anti-inflammatory activity. These findings suggest that bromelain has potential as an adjunct therapy for inflammatory control in acne vulgaris.
Co-Authors Ammarilis Murastami Arie Kusumawardani Ayu Kusuma Dewi Endra Yustin Ellistasari Laura noviani Muhammad Eko Irawanto Novan Adi Setyawan Nugrohoaji Dharmawan Rahmat Firdaus Dwi Utama