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All Journal Momentum International Journal of Civil Engineering (MIJCE)
Prasenjit Saha
ICFAI University
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Earth & Planetary Sciences Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Transportation

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Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Frames with Concentric Steel Bracing: A Review of Research from 1990 to 2023 Birendra Kumar Bohara; Prasenjit Saha
Momentum International Journal of Civil Engineering (MIJCE) Vol. 2 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Marasofi International Media and Publishing (MIMP)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.64123/mijce.v2.i1.5

Abstract

This article offers an extensive review of research conducted between 1990 and 2023 on reinforced concrete (RC) frames retrofitted with concentric steel bracing systems, emphasizing their seismic performance, design strategies, and retrofitting efficacy. Different bracing configurations, including X-type, V-type, diagonal, inverted V-type, and knee bracing are assessed regarding energy dissipation, ductility, overstrength factors (R), stiffness, and failure mechanisms, as demonstrated through experimental and numerical studies. Significant findings underscore the importance of buckling-restrained braces (BRBs), post-tensioned systems, and self-centering cable braces in enhancing lateral load capacity, minimizing displacements, and boosting seismic resilience. The review also investigates pushover analyses to evaluate failure modes (such as weak-beam/strong-column mechanisms) and the effects of retrofitting on existing buildings. Design methods, including elastic steel frames and optimization of shear capacity, are thoroughly compared. Notable gaps in current methodologies, such as the necessity for standardized quantification of the R-factor and performance-based design protocols, are highlighted. Drawing on over three decades of research, this paper concludes with recommendations for the future, stressing the importance of advanced materials, hybrid systems, and AI-driven modeling to enhance concentric braced RC frames in response to emerging seismic challenges.
Seismic Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Frames with Concentric Steel Bracing: A Review of Research from 1990 to 2023 Birendra Kumar Bohara; Prasenjit Saha
Momentum International Journal of Civil Engineering (MIJCE) Vol. 2 No. 2 (2026): July
Publisher : Marasofi International Media and Publishing (MIMP)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.64123/mijce.v2.i2.5

Abstract

Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings strengthened with concentric steel bracing systems have been widely investigated as an effective strategy for enhancing seismic resistance in both existing and newly designed structures. However, existing studies are dispersed across various bracing configurations, design methodologies, and performance evaluation approaches, making it difficult to establish a comprehensive understanding of their seismic behavior. This study presents a systematic review of approximately 75 published studies from 1990 to 2023 retrieved from major scientific databases including Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The reviewed literature was screened based on relevance to concentric steel-braced RC frames, seismic retrofitting, structural design, and seismic performance assessment. The findings indicate that X-bracing, Chevron bracing, and Buckling-Restrained Braces (BRBs) significantly improve lateral stiffness, energy dissipation capacity, ductility, and overall seismic performance. Experimental and numerical studies consistently report substantial reductions in inter-story drift and enhanced structural resilience under seismic loading. Recent developments involving performance-based seismic design, self-centering systems, hysteretic dampers, and computational optimization techniques have further expanded the applicability of braced RC systems. Nevertheless, challenges remain regarding standardized response modification factor evaluation, performance-based design implementation, and high-rise applications. The review highlights current research trends, identifies critical knowledge gaps, and provides recommendations for future investigations involving advanced materials, hybrid systems, and artificial intelligence-based structural optimization. 
Co-Authors Birendra Kumar Bohara