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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics Jurnal Teknokes
Kusnanto Mukti Wibowo
Department of Medical Electronics Engineering Technology, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto, Purwokerto, Indonesia
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering Environmental Science Health Professions Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Experimental Study on Thickness-Dependent X-ray Radiation Protection of a Flexible and Lightweight Silicone Rubber–PbO Composite Apron Fathur Rahman Nugraha; Kusnanto Mukti Wibowo; Arga Pratama Rahardian; Fani Susanto; Supriyadi Supriyadi
Jurnal Teknokes Vol. 19 No. 2 (2026): June
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Elektromedik, Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Surabaya, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35882/jteknokes.v19i2.147

Abstract

The use of X-rays in medical imaging provides substantial diagnostic benefits but also poses risks associated with ionizing radiation exposure. Conventional lead-based protective aprons are effective but have major limitations, including excessive weight, rigidity, and potential toxicity. This study addresses a specific research gap by systematically evaluating the relationship between material thickness, radiation attenuation effectiveness, and the Half-Value Layer (HVL) of silicone rubber-based aprons filled with lead(II) oxide (PbO) at clinically relevant low-to-medium X-ray energies. An experimental method was employed by fabricating silicone–PbO composite apron prototypes with three thickness variations (2.5 mm, 3.0 mm, and 3.5 mm). Radiation attenuation tests were conducted at X-ray tube voltages of 60, 65, and 70 kV by measuring radiation intensity before and after transmission through the samples using a radiation detector, followed by calculating protection effectiveness and HVL values. The results demonstrate that apron thickness significantly influences radiation protection performance, with the highest attenuation of 85.11% achieved at a thickness of 3.5 mm. A moderate-to-strong positive correlation between thickness and protection effectiveness is observed at all voltage levels, with the highest coefficient of determination (R² = 0.916) at 65 kV. HVL values increase with thickness, indicating the need for thicker materials to achieve a 50% reduction in radiation intensity at higher attenuation levels. These findings highlight the novelty of quantitatively correlating thickness, attenuation effectiveness, and HVL within a single experimental framework and demonstrate that silicone rubber–PbO composite aprons have strong potential as a lightweight and flexible alternative to conventional lead aprons for clinical radiation protection at low-to-medium diagnostic X-ray energies.
Development and Acoustic Analysis of a Speaker-Output Stethoscope for Low-Cost Clinical Applications Kusnanto Mukti Wibowo; Abdul Latif; Fani Susanto; Fatiatun Fatiatun; Norhidayah Che Ani
Indonesian Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics Vol. 7 No. 4 (2025): November
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Elektromedik, Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Surabaya, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35882/ijeeemi.v7i4.125

Abstract

This study addresses the limitations of traditional stethoscopes, which are constrained by their single-user design, dependence on auditory acuity, and susceptibility to background noise. These limitations hinder collaborative learning and diagnostic accuracy, particularly in noisy environments or during infectious disease outbreaks. The aim of this work is to develop a low-cost, speaker-output digital stethoscope that enables multiple users to simultaneously listen to heart sounds, improving both clinical training and infection control. The main contribution of this study is the integration of a conventional analog stethoscope with a high-sensitivity microphone preamplifier, an external speaker, and digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms. This configuration allows the amplification and filtering of heart sounds, enabling group auscultation without the need for earpieces. The device casing is constructed from High-Pressure Laminate (HPL) sheets and multiplex wood panels, while acoustic foam is used to reduce noise interference.  Heart sounds are captured via a microphone, amplified, and processed using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and band-pass filtering (20–150 Hz) to isolate the key frequencies. The system was tested in a quiet clinical setting, and the resulting audio was analyzed for clarity and frequency spectrum. The prototype successfully captured heart sounds, with a dominant spectral peak around 97 Hz, consistent with the primary frequency of heartbeats. It also clearly identified the first (S1) and second (S2) heart sounds. However, ambient noise affected sound clarity, indicating the need for further noise reduction. Despite this limitation, the device successfully enabled group auscultation. In conclusion, the speaker-output stethoscope offers an affordable and effective alternative to traditional auscultation, enhancing medical training and improving infection control. Although noise reduction requires further refinement, the system demonstrates strong potential for application in clinical and educational settings, particularly in low-resource environments
Co-Authors Abdul Latif Arga Pratama Rahardian Fani Susanto Fani Susanto Fathur Rahman Nugraha Fatiatun Fatiatun Norhidayah Che Ani Supriyadi Supriyadi