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All Journal Jurnal Tapis : Jurnal Teropong Aspirasi Politik Islam
Ameen Hussein, Jamal Mohammed
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Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice

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Between Humanitarianism and Realpolitik: Analysing U.S. Support for the No-Fly Zone in Iraqi Kurdistan (1991–2003) Shawkat Ali, Hemn; Ameen Hussein, Jamal Mohammed
JURNAL TAPIS Vol 22 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Tapis : Jurnal Teropong Aspirasi Politik Islam
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24042/tps.v22i1.30431

Abstract

The U.S.-imposed no-fly zone (NFZ) in Iraqi Kurdistan (1991–2003) remains a pivotal yet contested case in international relations, situated at the complex intersection of humanitarian norms and realpolitik. While existing scholarship has explored the NFZ from various humanitarian or strategic perspectives, a theoretically cohesive and empirically grounded analysis of how humanitarian discourse was instrumentalized to achieve geopolitical objectives remains absent from the literature. This study rigorously analyses how the U.S. government utilised humanitarian rhetoric to validate extensive geopolitical objectives, particularly regional stabilisation and the containment of the Iraqi regime. The research employs an explanatory-analytical qualitative design, integrating critical discourse analysis and process tracing of declassified U.S. government documents, military operational reports, and diplomatic correspondence, along with peer-reviewed scholarship. Operations Provide Comfort (1991–1996) and Northern Watch (1997–2003) function as longitudinal case studies. The evidence indicates that liberal institutionalist humanitarian norms served as strategic enablers rather than normative limitations, enabling the U.S. to achieve neoclassical realist power goals while institutionalising conditional sovereignty principles that anticipated the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine. This study provides new empirical evidence of the strategic instrumentalization of norms, identifies mechanisms connecting rhetorical framing to geopolitical results, and offers critical insights for assessing contemporary interventions where strategic interests and humanitarian goals intersect.    
Co-Authors Shawkat Ali, Hemn