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All Journal Focus Integritas Terbuka: Peace and Interfaith Studies
Martha Gabriela Hernández
Misioneras Clarisas del Santísimo Sacramento, Roma
Religion Arts Humanities Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Social Sciences

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Christian Realism of Reinhold Niebuhr in the Multipolar Geopolitical Crisis of the Twenty-First Century R. F. Bhanu Viktorahadi; Martha Gabriela Hernández
Integritas Terbuka: Peace and Interfaith Studies Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Integritas Terbuka: Peace and Interfaith Studies
Publisher : Kongregasi Hati Kudus Yesus (RSCJ) Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59029/int.v5i1.77

Abstract

This study analyzes Reinhold Niebuhr’s Christian Realism as a framework of political ethics for addressing the multipolar geopolitical crisis of the twenty-first century. The study emerges from the limitations of mainstream international relations theories, such as realism, liberalism, constructivism, and critical geopolitics, which have not adequately provided a normative foundation for responding to global conflicts, structural injustice, neoliberalism, and contemporary digital geopolitics. The study employs a qualitative approach based on library research and focuses on theological and hermeneutical analyses of Reinhold Niebuhr’s thought. The researcher collected data through documentation studies and academic literature reviews, while the analysis employed hermeneutical interpretation, interdisciplinary dialogue, and normative synthesis. The primary sources include Niebuhr’s major works, especially Moral Man and Immoral Society and The Nature and Destiny of Man, along with various scholarly works on political theology and contemporary geopolitics. The findings demonstrate that Christian Realism offers a framework of political ethics that realistically acknowledges human sin and egoism while maintaining a normative commitment to justice and moral responsibility in global politics. Christian Realism operates at epistemological, normative, and practical levels in interpreting multipolarity, international conflict, neoliberalism, and global digital domination. The implications of this study indicate that Christian Realism can function as an alternative framework of global political ethics capable of bridging political realism and moral values within the context of contemporary systemic chaos. The originality of this study lies in its effort to reconstruct Christian Realism as a framework of geopolitical ethics that responds contextually to multipolarity and digital geopolitics in the twenty-first century.
Religieuses du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus (RSCJ) as a Religious Social Movement R.F. Bhanu Viktorahadi; Martha Gabriela Hernández
FOCUS Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): Focus
Publisher : Parahyangan Catholic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/mgzbs235

Abstract

This study aims to analyze whether Religieuses du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus (RSCJ) can be categorized as a religious social movement and to explain the characteristics of this movement based on the principal missions it has developed. The study employs a qualitative approach using the library research method and utilizes social movement theories developed by Sydney Tarrow, Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, and Neil J. Smelser as its analytical framework. The findings reveal that the emergence of RSCJ cannot be separated from the context of the French Revolution and the development of modernism, both of which encouraged various forms of social and religious reform. The study also demonstrates that RSCJ can be understood as a value-oriented religious social movement that translates the spirituality of the Sacred Heart of Jesus into collective action through education, interreligious dialogue, and the promotion of spirituality and a culture of peace. The implications of this study indicate that spirituality-based religious social movements play a strategic role in strengthening education, fostering interfaith dialogue, and developing a culture of peace within increasingly pluralistic and complex societies. The originality of this study lies in its effort to position RSCJ within the perspective of religious social movements, thereby expanding the fields of sociology of religion and social movement studies, which have traditionally focused on mainstream religious organizations and civil society–based social movements.
Co-Authors R. F. Bhanu Viktorahadi Viktorahadi, Bhanu