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Sitti Mutiah Rahman
State University of Gorontalo
Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Environmental Science Social Sciences

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Analysis of Trends and Composition of Forest and Vegetative Land Rehabilitation Activities in the Limboto Lake Catchment Area for the Period 2021-2025 Sitti Mutiah Rahman; Iswan Dunggio; Sukirman Rahim
West Science Interdisciplinary Studies Vol. 4 No. 05 (2026): West Science Interdisciplinary Studies
Publisher : Westscience Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58812/wsis.v4i05.2866

Abstract

This study analyzes the temporal trend and activity composition of vegetative forest and land rehabilitation (RHL) in the catchment area of Lake Limboto for 2021–2025. A quantitative descriptive approach was applied to secondary data from the BPDAS Bone Limboto 2025 database, strengthened with year-on-year change rates, the coefficient of variation, concentration ratios, and the Herfindahl-Hirschman index to assess the program portfolio structure. The total area of vegetative RHL over five years reached 693 ha, with an annual mean of 138.6 ha and a coefficient of variation of about 79.9%, indicating a dynamic, phase-based implementation rhythm. The highest achievement occurred in 2022 (340 ha; 49.06%), while the two leading years (2022–2023) accounted for 74.31% of the total. By composition, core RHL planting dominated (262 ha; 37.81%), followed by watershed rehabilitation (200 ha; 28.86%) and the Community Nursery/KBR (183 ha; 26.41%); these three pillars formed 93.07% of the portfolio, with an effective number of activities of 3.33. The annual composition revealed a tiered pattern from seedling provision toward larger-scale planting. Spatial interpretation of the activity map showed interventions concentrated on the buffer hill belts to the north, west, and south of the catchment, consistent with an upstream-priority logic. The findings emphasize that RHL evaluation should consider temporal continuity and compositional balance, not only area achievement.
Analysis of Trends and Composition of Forest and Vegetative Land Rehabilitation Activities in the Limboto Lake Catchment Area for the Period 2021-2025 Sitti Mutiah Rahman; Iswan Dunggio; Sukirman Rahim
West Science Interdisciplinary Studies Vol. 4 No. 05 (2026): West Science Interdisciplinary Studies
Publisher : Westscience Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58812/wsis.v4i05.2866

Abstract

This study analyzes the temporal trend and activity composition of vegetative forest and land rehabilitation (RHL) in the catchment area of Lake Limboto for 2021–2025. A quantitative descriptive approach was applied to secondary data from the BPDAS Bone Limboto 2025 database, strengthened with year-on-year change rates, the coefficient of variation, concentration ratios, and the Herfindahl-Hirschman index to assess the program portfolio structure. The total area of vegetative RHL over five years reached 693 ha, with an annual mean of 138.6 ha and a coefficient of variation of about 79.9%, indicating a dynamic, phase-based implementation rhythm. The highest achievement occurred in 2022 (340 ha; 49.06%), while the two leading years (2022–2023) accounted for 74.31% of the total. By composition, core RHL planting dominated (262 ha; 37.81%), followed by watershed rehabilitation (200 ha; 28.86%) and the Community Nursery/KBR (183 ha; 26.41%); these three pillars formed 93.07% of the portfolio, with an effective number of activities of 3.33. The annual composition revealed a tiered pattern from seedling provision toward larger-scale planting. Spatial interpretation of the activity map showed interventions concentrated on the buffer hill belts to the north, west, and south of the catchment, consistent with an upstream-priority logic. The findings emphasize that RHL evaluation should consider temporal continuity and compositional balance, not only area achievement.
Environmental Governance for Sustainable Tourism in Socio-Ecological Systems: A Systematic Literature Review Sitti Mutiah Rahman; Fitryane Lihawa; Dewi Wahyuni K. Baderan
West Science Interdisciplinary Studies Vol. 3 No. 12 (2025): West Science Interdisciplinary Studies
Publisher : Westscience Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58812/wsis.v3i12.2499

Abstract

Tourism destinations are increasingly understood as socio-ecological systems (SES) where ecological dynamics, livelihoods, and institutions interact through feedback loops. This systematic literature review synthesises evidence on how environmental governance shapes sustainable tourism trajectories in tourism-dependent SES and highlights gaps for future research. Peer-reviewed journal articles (2000–2025) were identified through structured searches in major databases and complementary searches, then screened using predefined eligibility criteria and appraised for methodological quality using a mixed-methods-appropriate tool [9]. Forty-six studies were retained for narrative thematic synthesis. The evidence indicates that governance in tourism SES is commonly hybrid—combining hierarchical regulation, market mechanisms, and community participation—and is implemented through instrument mixes such as zoning, permitting, environmental standards, economic incentives, and stakeholder forums. Across protected areas, coastal zones, rural landscapes, and urban destinations, collaborative arrangements (e.g., co-management and community-based models) are more frequently linked with biodiversity protection, improved habitat condition, and livelihood diversification than fragmented or investor-dominated regimes [1], [2], [3]. However, outcomes vary substantially and are mediated by enforcement capacity, institutional coherence, perceived legitimacy, and distributional fairness [4], [5]. The review also shows an expanding methodological toolkit (remote sensing, composite indices, modelling), but persistent gaps in longitudinal designs and in indicators that capture equity, resilience, and linked human–environment risks [6], [7]. Overall, sustainable tourism in SES requires adaptive, cross-scale, and equity-oriented governance that can learn from monitoring and address power asymmetries.
Environmental Governance for Sustainable Tourism in Socio-Ecological Systems: A Systematic Literature Review Sitti Mutiah Rahman; Fitryane Lihawa; Dewi Wahyuni K. Baderan
West Science Interdisciplinary Studies Vol. 3 No. 12 (2025): West Science Interdisciplinary Studies
Publisher : Westscience Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58812/wsis.v3i12.2499

Abstract

Tourism destinations are increasingly understood as socio-ecological systems (SES) where ecological dynamics, livelihoods, and institutions interact through feedback loops. This systematic literature review synthesises evidence on how environmental governance shapes sustainable tourism trajectories in tourism-dependent SES and highlights gaps for future research. Peer-reviewed journal articles (2000–2025) were identified through structured searches in major databases and complementary searches, then screened using predefined eligibility criteria and appraised for methodological quality using a mixed-methods-appropriate tool [9]. Forty-six studies were retained for narrative thematic synthesis. The evidence indicates that governance in tourism SES is commonly hybrid—combining hierarchical regulation, market mechanisms, and community participation—and is implemented through instrument mixes such as zoning, permitting, environmental standards, economic incentives, and stakeholder forums. Across protected areas, coastal zones, rural landscapes, and urban destinations, collaborative arrangements (e.g., co-management and community-based models) are more frequently linked with biodiversity protection, improved habitat condition, and livelihood diversification than fragmented or investor-dominated regimes [1], [2], [3]. However, outcomes vary substantially and are mediated by enforcement capacity, institutional coherence, perceived legitimacy, and distributional fairness [4], [5]. The review also shows an expanding methodological toolkit (remote sensing, composite indices, modelling), but persistent gaps in longitudinal designs and in indicators that capture equity, resilience, and linked human–environment risks [6], [7]. Overall, sustainable tourism in SES requires adaptive, cross-scale, and equity-oriented governance that can learn from monitoring and address power asymmetries.
Co-Authors Dewi Wahyuni K. Baderan Fitryane Lihawa Iswan Dunggio Sukirman Rahim