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Bacteriological Quality of Raw Cow Milk Obtained from Fulanis Within University of Abuja Environment Abdulgafar Omeiza Zubair; Jemilat Oyiza Zubair; Rofiat Oyine Muhammed
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.555-559

Abstract

Milk is a highly nutritious food that can serve as a suitable medium for microbial growth if not properly handled. This study assessed the bacteriological quality of raw cow milk obtained from Fulani herders within the University of Abuja environment with emphasis on the prevalence of bacterial species and their potential public health implications. Twenty raw milk samples were collected and analyzed using standard microbiological techniques, including serial dilution and spread plate methods for enumeration, determination of total bacterial load and total coliform count, Gram staining and biochemical identification. Five bacterial species were isolated; Bacillus spp. (34.29%), Lactobacillus spp. (28.57%), Staphylococcus aureus (17.14%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.43%) and Escherichia coli (8.57%). The total bacterial load ranged from 5.5 × 108 to 1.15 × 109 CFU/mL, while total coliform counts ranged from 3.35 × 105 to 8.40 × 105 CFU/mL. The predominance of Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus and Lactobacillus reflects the natural microbial flora of raw milk, whereas the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli indicates contamination from handlers, equipment or the environment. These findings reveal significant microbial contamination and associated public health risks linked to raw milk consumption. The study underscores the need for improved hygienic practices during milking, handling, and storage to reduce contamination and ensure consumer safety.
Isolation, Characterization and Antibacterial Studies of Trigonella foenum-graecum Seed Extract Abdulgafar Omeiza Zubair; Sunday Olawale Okeniyi; Rofiat Oyine Muhammed
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1743-1759

Abstract

Pharmaceuticals are available in managing bacteria and other health related diseases. This research focuses on the extraction using Methanol, metabolite screening, fractionation, antibacterial activities, isolation and characterization of the most potent fraction. The phytochemical screening showed Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Tannin, Glycoside, Phenol, Fatty acid, Terpenoids and saponins. The antibacterial sensitivity test carried out on the Hexane fraction using Agar well method showed inhibition range from 0-18 mm (concentration of 12.50-100 mg/cm3) for Staphylococcus aureus, 12-20 mm (concentration of 12.50-100 mg/cm3) for Escherichia coli, 13-22.50 mm (concentration of 12.50-100 mg/cm3) for Salmonella typhi and 0-12 mm (concentration of 12.50-100 mg/cm3) for Bacillus subtillis with an average inhibition range of 0-22.50 mm. For the Chloroform fraction, the antibacterial sensitivity test carried out showed zone of inhibition range from 0-16 mm (concentration of 12.50-100 mg/cm3) for Staphylococcus aureus, 0-12 mm (concentration of 12.50-100 mg/cm3) for Escherichia coli, 0-17 mm (concentration of 12.50-100 mg/cm3) for Salmonella typhi and 0 mm (concentration of 12.50-100 mg/cm3) for Bacillus subtillis with an average inhibition range of 0-17 mm. The antibacterial sensitivity test carried out on the Ethyl acetate fraction showed zone of inhibition range of 0 mm (concentration of 12.50-100 mg/cm3) for Staphylococcus aureus, 0-13 mm (concentration of 12.50-100 mg/cm3) for Escherichia coli, 0-12 mm (concentration of 12.50-100 mg/cm3) for Salmonella typhi and 0 mm (concentration of 12.50-100 mg/cm3) for Bacillus subtillis with an average inhibition range of 0-13 mm. From the above results, the n-Hexane fraction was subjected to the glass column separation technique and an ester of Methylhexadecanoic acid was gotten from the n-hexane fraction of Methanol extract of the seed of Trigonella foenum-graecum.