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All Journal International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)
Ngatono Ngatono
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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Permanent magnet generator for small and medium-scale hydropower: a systematic review Ngatono Ngatono; Raja Nor Firdaus Kashfi Raja Othman; M. Nazri Othman; Mohd Zulkifli Ab Rahman
International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) Vol 17, No 2: June 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v17.i2.pp1462-1474

Abstract

Renewable energy, particularly hydropower, is a key focus in reducing reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating environmental impacts. Permanent magnet generator (PMG) has emerged as a highly efficient option for converting hydro-energy into electricity, offering advantages such as high efficiency, compact design, and minimal maintenance. This review explores the latest developments in PMG technology, particularly for small and medium-scale hydropower applications. A systematic review method was used to analyse 617 papers and narrow them down to 20 relevant studies. Key findings highlight advancements in PMG design, including modular stators, counter-rotating turbines, and cordless designs that enhance efficiency and adaptability in low-speed environments. However, significant challenges remain, including the high cost of magnetic materials like Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB), thermal stability issues, and more robust control systems to manage variable water flow conditions. The review concludes that while PMG holds great potential for hydropower applications, Further research is needed to optimize material usage, improve design, and reduce costs. Future work should focus on developing new magnetic materials and innovative rotor designs to ensure PMG can provide a scalable and sustainable solution for global energy needs.
Co-Authors M. Nazri Othman Mohd Zulkifli Ab Rahman Raja Nor Firdaus Kashfi Raja Othman