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All Journal African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Open Access DRIVERset African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research
Usman Gidado
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Environmental Science Immunology & microbiology Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health

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An Epidemiological Survey of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Welders in a Conflict-Recovery Region: In North-Eastern, Nigeria Suleiman Mohammed; Mannir Kassim; Hamza Sabo Muhammad; Bishir Sabo; Usman Gidado
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 3 No 2 (2026): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v3i2.10457

Abstract

Welding is an arduous occupation characterized by repetitive tasks, prolonged awkward postures, and substantial biomechanical strain. In the conflict-recovery context of North-Eastern Nigeria, the absence of ergonomic regulation within the informal sector may further increase the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs). This study aims to evaluate the prevalence, anatomical distribution, and functional disability associated with WRMSDs among welders in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted among 306 welders using a modified Standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Data were collected on socio-demographic characteristics, 12-month period prevalence, 7-day point prevalence, and work-related disability. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis, with statistical significance set at p < .05. The findings show that most participants were aged 33–37 years (33.3%) and had an occupational tenure of 2–12 years (53.9%). The axial skeleton emerged as the primary site of morbidity, with a 12-month prevalence of 31.6% for the lower back and 31.0% for the neck. A severity paradox was identified in the lumbar region, where the reported disability rate (34.3%) exceeded the overall period prevalence, suggesting that most lumbar injuries in this cohort progressed to total functional impairment. High 7-day point prevalence was also observed for both the neck (31.6%) and lower back (31.3%), indicating chronic and persistent morbidity. No statistically significant associations were found between demographic variables and WRMSD occurrence, p > .05. The study concludes that welders in North-Eastern Nigeria experience a substantial burden of chronic spinal stress, with the lower back serving as the leading source of occupational disability. This study contributes to occupational health research by highlighting the rapid transition from musculoskeletal discomfort to functional impairment in informal welding work. The findings imply the need for targeted ergonomic interventions, community-based occupational physiotherapy, and workplace modifications to protect the physical health and productivity of this essential workforce during regional economic reconstruction.
An Epidemiological Survey of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Welders in a Conflict-Recovery Region: In North-Eastern, Nigeria Suleiman Mohammed; Mannir Kassim; Hamza Sabo Muhammad; Bishir Sabo; Usman Gidado
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 3 No 2 (2026): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v3i2.10457

Abstract

Welding is an arduous occupation characterized by repetitive tasks, prolonged awkward postures, and substantial biomechanical strain. In the conflict-recovery context of North-Eastern Nigeria, the absence of ergonomic regulation within the informal sector may further increase the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs). This study aims to evaluate the prevalence, anatomical distribution, and functional disability associated with WRMSDs among welders in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted among 306 welders using a modified Standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Data were collected on socio-demographic characteristics, 12-month period prevalence, 7-day point prevalence, and work-related disability. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis, with statistical significance set at p < .05. The findings show that most participants were aged 33–37 years (33.3%) and had an occupational tenure of 2–12 years (53.9%). The axial skeleton emerged as the primary site of morbidity, with a 12-month prevalence of 31.6% for the lower back and 31.0% for the neck. A severity paradox was identified in the lumbar region, where the reported disability rate (34.3%) exceeded the overall period prevalence, suggesting that most lumbar injuries in this cohort progressed to total functional impairment. High 7-day point prevalence was also observed for both the neck (31.6%) and lower back (31.3%), indicating chronic and persistent morbidity. No statistically significant associations were found between demographic variables and WRMSD occurrence, p > .05. The study concludes that welders in North-Eastern Nigeria experience a substantial burden of chronic spinal stress, with the lower back serving as the leading source of occupational disability. This study contributes to occupational health research by highlighting the rapid transition from musculoskeletal discomfort to functional impairment in informal welding work. The findings imply the need for targeted ergonomic interventions, community-based occupational physiotherapy, and workplace modifications to protect the physical health and productivity of this essential workforce during regional economic reconstruction.
A Cross-Sectional Survey of Socio-Demographic and Occupational Predictors of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Artisanal Welders in North-Eastern Nigeria Suleiman Mohammed; Mannir Kassim; Hamza Sabo Muhammad; Bishir Sabo; Usman Gidado
African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research Vol 3 No 3 (2026): African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajcmpr.v3i3.10441

Abstract

Artisanal welding involves high-intensity mechanical stress and sustained awkward postures, yet predictors of musculoskeletal morbidity in post-conflict economies remain insufficiently defined. This study evaluates the influence of socio-demographic and occupational predictors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among artisanal welders in Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria. A cross-sectional design was employed, involving 306 welders who completed a validated Standardized Nordic Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s chi-square tests to examine the relationships between demographic predictors, including age, professional experience, educational attainment, and the presence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The study cohort consisted predominantly of young workers, with a mean age of 26.84 ± 8.29 years, and a high proportion of respondents with secondary-level education. Despite this profile, musculoskeletal morbidity was widespread and intensified by limited recovery opportunities within the work environment. Inferential analysis showed that age, p = .085, professional experience, p = .296, and educational attainment, p = .831, were not significant predictors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. These findings suggest an equalizing hazard effect, in which structural workplace deficits, particularly floor-level work and static loading, override individual biological, experiential, and educational differences. The study concludes that artisanal welders in structurally deficient work environments face non-discriminatory ergonomic risks across demographic strata. It contributes to occupational health research by highlighting a knowledge–practice gap in which general literacy does not translate into ergonomic agency without adequate workplace infrastructure. The findings imply that individual-focused behavioural interventions are insufficient and should be complemented by universal environmental engineering, including height-adjustable workstations and the integration of applied biomechanics into vocational training curricula to reduce long-term professional disability.
Workstation Hazards and Biomechanical Risk Factors in Informal Welding Sectors of Northern Nigeria Suleiman Mohammed; Mannir Kassim; Hamza Sabo Muhammad; Bishir Sabo; Usman Gidado
African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research Vol 3 No 2 (2026): African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajmsphr.v3i2.10455

Abstract

Within the unorganized industrial landscapes of sub-Saharan Africa, ground-level fabrication remains a common operational practice that exposes artisans to substantial ergonomic risks. Although musculoskeletal morbidity is widespread in informal welding work, the biomechanical mechanisms and socio-behavioural coping strategies used by artisans remain under-researched. This study evaluates the ergonomic risk profile and compensatory behaviours among artisanal welders in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. A systematic ergonomic audit was conducted among 306 artisanal welders to quantify environmental deficits, postural deviations, particularly trunk and cervical flexion, and manual material handling frequencies. Participants’ coping mechanisms were categorized into physical, pharmacological, and socio-economic domains. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s chi-square tests at the p < .05 significance level. The findings revealed a profound structural deficit, with 91.2% of fabrication tasks performed without elevated work surfaces. Dominant pathological postures included sustained trunk flexion exceeding 30° (56.2%) and prolonged squatting. To sustain work capacity, 85.3% of respondents almost always relied on pharmacological intervention, while 56.2% engaged in reactive postural shifting. In addition, 72.8% used social capital by delegating high-strain tasks to apprentices. Despite these adaptations, 38.8% of the workforce reported multi-day work absences due to physical incapacity, indicating substantial erosion of productive capacity. The study concludes that informal welding in Maiduguri is characterized by severe ergonomic stressors that exceed individual physiological coping capacity. The findings contribute to occupational ergonomics by showing that prevailing coping strategies are largely palliative and may reinforce cycles of pharmacological dependence, productivity loss, and premature professional attrition. The study recommends ergonomic modernization through low-cost engineering interventions, particularly improved workstation design, to protect the health and sustainability of this vital informal workforce.
Co-Authors Bishir Sabo Hamza Sabo Muhammad Mannir Kassim Suleiman Mohammed