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All Journal Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis
Mohd Sabri Mahmud
Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, Gambang, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry

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Apparent Reaction Kinetics of Crude Palm Oil Dechlorination Using Sodium Silicate Solution Zulfa Kurnia Umani Hari; Nur Shafikah Rasad; Mohd Sabri Mahmud
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 3 Year 2026 (October 2026)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20687

Abstract

This paper reports a study of the apparent reaction kinetics of crude palm oil (CPO) dechlorination using a sodium silicate (SS) solution, providing a water-efficient alternative to conventional washing to mitigate the 3-MCPD precursor. Three CPO-to-SS volume ratios (0.25, 2.33, and 3.00) were tested across temperatures of 60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C. The results showed the 2.33 ratio as most effective, achieving 1000 times of extraction, as indicated by the McCabe-Thiele equilibrium plot. Kinetic analysis revealed a transition from pseudo-first-order regimes at lower temperatures to exceptionally high apparent reaction orders (up to 24.90) at 80 °C. These high orders indicate a mass-transfer limited process where declining SS concentration might have destabilized the emulsion, making the reaction rate sensitive to interfacial surface area. The FTIR spectra confirmed that SS acted as both a buffering agent and a dispersant, reducing moisture retention without clear free fatty acid neutralization. The elevated temperatures significantly enhanced dechlorination rates, with the 0.25 ratio facilitating chloride breakdown with the highest rate constant. The results revealed that the kinetic rate is:  with the rate constant, k (range 3.6 × 10-3 until 1×10 -111) and the apparent order,  (range up to 24.9) at 80 ºC. These findings conclude that SS can effectively reduce chlorine content in CPO, and that process is strongly governed by the phase volume ratio and operating temperature. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Co-Authors Nur Shafikah Rasad Zulfa Kurnia Umani Hari