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All Journal HAYATI Journal of Biosciences
Luhur Septiadi
Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program (WCS-IP), Bogor 16128, Indonesia
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Earth & Planetary Sciences

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Unveiling Population Density and Distribution of Sun Bear using Unmarked Spatial Capture-Recapture and Occupancy Modeling in Bukit Barisan National Park, Indonesia Ulfah Anisah Shalihah; Dede Aulia Rahman; Riki Herliansyah; Rikha Aryanie Surya; Luhur Septiadi
HAYATI Journal of Biosciences Vol. 33 No. 4 (2026): July 2026
Publisher : Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.4308/hjb.33.4.1053-1061

Abstract

Sun bear (Helarctos malayanus), the smallest bear species, is increasingly threatened in their Southeast Asian range. Despite their globally vulnerable status, studies on their density remain limited, particularly in Indonesia. This study aims to estimate sun bear density and occupancy in the Intensive Protection Zone of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park using camera-trap data collected between 2015 and 2022. Due to the inability to reliably identify individual bears from their markings, we employed an unmarked Spatial Capture-Recapture (SCR) approach within a Bayesian framework to estimate density. We found that sun bear density was estimated to be 9.0 individuals/100 km2 (95% CI = 4.5–16.7) in 2015, 5.5 individuals/100 km2 (95% CI = 2.3–10.8) in 2019, and 9.0 individuals/100 km2 (95% CI = 3.8–16.7) in 2022. The occupancy of sun bears was estimated to be 0.62 in 2015, 0.82 in 2019, and 0.66 in 2022. These results highlight the effectiveness of the unmarked SCR approach for unmarked species and provide essential baseline data for long-term monitoring. The findings emphasize the importance of continued protection and habitat management within the remaining protected area in southern Sumatra to safeguard this vulnerable species.
Co-Authors Dede Aulia Rahman Rikha Aryanie Surya Riki Herliansyah Ulfah Anisah Shalihah