Michaela Mhagama
Saint Augustine University of Tanzania

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Barriers to Effective Implementation of Inclusive Education Curriculum in Selected Public Primary Schools in Temeke Municipality Jamila H. Nuru; Michaela Mhagama; Frank Mwamakula
Journal of Education and Teacher Training Innovation Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Education and Teacher Training Innovation (JETTI)
Publisher : PT. Pusmedia Group Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61227/jetti.v3i2.245

Abstract

Despite national and global policy frameworks, including Tanzania's Education and Training Policy (2014), the implementation of inclusive education remains constrained in resource-limited contexts. This study explored the challenges of implementing inclusive education in public primary schools in Temeke Municipality, Tanzania. Using a mixed-methods descriptive design, data were collected from 111 participants, including teachers, students, head teachers, and parents, through questionnaires, interviews, and document review. Findings reveal a significant gap between policy and practice, driven largely by limited teacher capacity, with over 55 per cent lacking formal training in inclusive education and half reporting inadequate preparedness for inclusive teaching. These challenges are compounded by shortages of teaching and learning resources, inconsistent application of inclusive strategies, and the absence of structured support systems. The study concludes that systemic barriers including insufficient professional development, inadequate resources, and weak support structures hinder effective implementation of inclusive education. It recommends mandatory and continuous teacher training, increased investment in adapted materials and infrastructure, establishment of collaborative support mechanisms, and strengthened monitoring and evaluation frameworks to promote equitable and quality education for all learners.
Teachers' Community Involvement in Fee-Free Basic Education in Tanzania: A systematic Literature Review Issa Yusuph; Michaela Mhagama; Prospery Mwansa Mwila
Action Research Journal Indonesia (ARJI) Vol. 8 No. 3 (2026): Action Research Journal Indonesia (ARJI)
Publisher : PT. Pusmedia Group Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61227/arji.v8i3.833

Abstract

Teachers' community involvement has increasingly been recognized as a critical factor in the successful implementation of Fee-Free Basic Education (FFBE), particularly in developing countries where educational reforms require strong collaboration among schools, families, and local communities. This study systematically reviewed empirical evidence on the contribution of teachers' community involvement to the implementation of Fee-Free Basic Education and examined the challenges constraining effective community engagement. The review was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework. Relevant studies were identified through systematic searches of peer-reviewed journal articles, books, policy reports, and scholarly publications obtained from major academic databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, Google Scholar, and institutional repositories. Studies published in English that addressed teachers' community engagement and education policy implementation were included, while duplicate records, opinion papers, conference abstracts, and studies lacking empirical evidence were excluded. The selected studies were screened, assessed for eligibility, and synthesized thematically. The review indicates that teachers' community involvement substantially enhances the implementation of Fee-Free Basic Education by strengthening stakeholder collaboration, improving communication between schools and communities, promoting shared decision-making, increasing accountability, mobilizing local resources, and improving learner attendance and participation. Evidence further suggests that schools characterized by strong teacher-community partnerships are more capable of sustaining educational reforms and responding to contextual challenges than those operating with limited stakeholder engagement. However, the review also identifies persistent barriers, including inadequate institutional support, increasing teacher workloads, socio-economic constraints, limited parental awareness, weak participatory leadership, and insufficient professional preparation for community engagement. The review concludes that community involvement should be institutionalized as an integral component of Fee-Free Basic Education implementation rather than treated as a complementary activity. Strengthening teachers' competencies in community engagement, promoting participatory school leadership, and establishing supportive policy frameworks are essential for enhancing educational quality and ensuring the long-term sustainability of education reforms, particularly within resource-constrained contexts.