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All Journal Suhuf: International Journal of Islamic Studies Qualitative Research of Business and Social Sciences AL-IKTISAB: Journal of Islamic Economic Law
Jawad Z. Salic
Mindanao State University
Religion Humanities Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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BMT microfinance management model: Developing sharia financing instruments for sharia-based MSMEs Jawad Z. Salic; Adhelia Desi Prawestri; Baniady Gennody Pronosokodewo; Yuni Astuti
Qualitative Research of Business and Social Sciences Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): Qualitative Research of Business and Social Sciences
Publisher : Department of Accounting Universitas PGRI Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31316/qrobss.v3i2.8891

Abstract

This study examines the use of Baitul Maal wa Tamwil (BMT) microfinance in supporting Sharia-based Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) through an analysis of capital management behavior and Islamic financial literacy. Using purposive sampling, a total of 59 Sharia-compliant MSME operators in the Special Region of Yogyakarta were surveyed through structured questionnaires that capture indicators of Sharia capital foundations, microfinance utilization, and operational financing support. The collected data were analyzed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to identify the latent constructs underlying MSME behavior in adopting BMT-based financing. The EFA results extracted three dominant factors—Sharia-Based Capital Foundations, Function of Sharia Microfinance Utilization, and Operational and Innovation Support Through Sharia Financing—which jointly explain 51.821% of the total variance. These findings demonstrate that BMT plays a significant role in providing halal-based capital, supporting MSME operational efficiency, and strengthening innovation capacity within a Sharia-compliant framework. The study provides empirical evidence on the importance of Sharia microfinance institutions in enhancing MSME sustainability and contributes a model that may be adapted to emerging Sharia-based MSME ecosystems in other countries, such as the Philippines.
When Algorithms Govern Solidarity: A Fiqh Muamalah Perspective on Ethical Takaful in The Age of Artificial Intelligence Dita Kharisma; Nofrianto Nofrianto; Yuke Rahmawati; Jawad Z. Salic
Suhuf: International Journal of Islamic Studies Vol. 38 No. 1 (2026): May
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/suhuf.v38i1.16293

Abstract

Background: The growing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in Islamic financial services raises a critical ethical question: can takaful remain faithful to its foundations of taawun (mutual solidarity) when risk-sharing decisions are increasingly made by algorithms rather than morally accountable individuals? Objective: This study examines whether AI integration in underwriting, risk scoring, and claims management challenges the ethical coherence of takaful from the perspective of fiqh muamalah and maqasid Sharia. Methodology: Using a normative-conceptual approach, the research draws upon Islamic legal principles and contemporary AI ethics to analyze how algorithmic governance reshapes accountability within takaful institutions. Results: The analysis reveals that AI redistributes decision authority in ways that create opacity, bias, and accountability gaps, and risks shifting ethical responsibility away from human agents who bear taklif. Conclusion: Takaful can remain ethically sound only if accountable human moral agency remains central to its governance structure. The study proposes an Ethical Thresholds Framework to guide AI adoption, emphasizing transparency, human oversight, and strengthened Sharia governance in digital takaful systems. Implication: Regulators, Sharia supervisory boards, and takaful operators should require explainable, fair, auditable, and human-supervised AI systems to preserve accountability, taawun, and the ethical legitimacy of digital takaful.
Ethical Dimensions of Unilateral Trade Protectionism: A Maqasid al-Syar’ah Perspective on Trump’s Reciprocal Tariffs and Global Economic Welfare Muhammad Alfan Rumasukun; Andi Triyawan; Jawad Z. Salic
AL-IKTISAB: Journal of Islamic Economic Law Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026): Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026): AL-IKTISAB: Journal of Islamic Economic Law
Publisher : University of Darusssalam Gontor

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21111/al-iktisab.v10i2.18

Abstract

This study examines Donald J. Trump’s reciprocal tariffs and their implications for fairness in international trade through the lens of maqasid al-syari’ah. The research responds to the rise of protectionism under the Trump administration, which imposed retaliatory tariffs of 10–50 percent on over 180 countries, including Indonesia targeting major partners such as China and the European Union and triggering widespread trade tensions. This faith-based normative perspective is critical because existing scholarship largely overlooks Islamic ethical frameworks, leaving a gap in understanding how retaliatory measures align with justice, equity, and mutual welfare. While such policies aim to protect domestic industries, their consequences raise vital questions concerning ‘adl (justice), mizan (equity), and the prohibition of zulm (exploitation). This research uses a multidisciplinary approach combining qualitative legal analysis and empirical data to examine how tariff policies align with Islamic principles of fairness. It analyzes primary Islamic legal sources and contemporary scholarship, reviews Trump’s reciprocal tariff policies, and collects trade data from the WTO and international economic databases. Normative Islamic teachings are then compared against real-world tariff impacts to identify areas of agreement and conflict. Findings show these tariffs, though strategically rationalized, reinforce global power imbalances and disproportionately harm weaker economies, creating trade disadvantages, currency depreciation pressures, and restricted market access that hinder development, contradicting Islamic principles of ta’awun (cooperation) and fair exchange. Ethical concerns over garar (uncertainty /monopolistic advantage) and ikrah (coercion) also conflict with Islamic commercial ethics. While protective tariffs may serve public interest (maslahah) under syari’ah-compliant policy, their unilateral, retaliatory design deepens inequity and volatility, undermining Maqāṣid objectives of justice and balance. The study concludes with recommendations urging Muslim-majority nations to advance multilateral trade reforms rooted in Islamic values and calls for scholars and economists to develop policies countering systemic exploitation and advancing a fairer global trading system.
Co-Authors Adhelia Desi Prawestri Andi Triyawan Baniady Gennody Pronosokodewo Dita Kharisma Muhammad Alfan Rumasukun Nofrianto Nofrianto Yuke Rahmawati Yuni Astuti