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All Journal Lombok Medical Journal
Candra Dwipayana Hamdin
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Mechanical Engineering Public Health

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The Potency of Atorvastatin Nanoparticles Implementation in Human: A Pharmacokinetic Perspective from Basic to Clinical Literature Review Candra Dwipayana Hamdin; Vania Aisyah Aulia Syahda Haris; Steve Pratama Tanjaya; Shafira Khansa Haiba; Faolananda Qurrota A'yun
Lombok Medical Journal Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): Lombok Medical Journal
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/e9cn9w04

Abstract

Atorvastatin is a biopharmaceutics classification system class II drug with good permeability but low solubility, thereby limiting its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. This study aims to analyze the effect of particle size reduction on the pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax, AUC, t½) of atorvastatin in various drug delivery systems and thepotency of its implementation in human through a literature review approach. Literature screening was conducted using online databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Springer Open, with inclusion criteria of national and international articles published in the last 10 years discussing atorvastatin formulations with various particle sizes and their pharmacokinetic parameters. Analysis of the 11 selected articles showed that nano-based delivery systems can increase the bioavailability of atorvastatin compared to conventional formulations. The results confirmed that particle size reductionthrough nanotechnology approaches increased the dissolution rate, membrane permeability, and absorption efficiency, thereby optimizing the pharmacokinetic profile of atorvastatin. This review provides evidence that nano-scale formulation strategies have a consistent positive impact on the bioavailability of atorvastatin. Despite these promising preclinical findings, the implementation of atorvastatin nanoparticles in humans remains limited due to the absence of clinical trials, although their potency to improve bioavailability and reduce dose-dependent toxicity at lower doses offers a strong rationale for futuretranslational research.
Translating Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Natural Products into Clinical Practice: A Pharmacokinetic Perspective Candra Dwipayana Hamdin; Zaskia Rizky Maulana; Silhiyatun Mayada; Lalu Rifqi Azami
Lombok Medical Journal Vol. 5 No. 3 (2026): Lombok Medical Journal (InPress)
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/t3ng7e65

Abstract

Secondary metabolites derived from natural products, such as alkaloids,flavonoids, and polyphenols, have promising pharmacological activities, but their clinical use in humans is often restricted by poor solubility, limited gastrointestinal absorption, rapid metabolism, and low systemic bioavailability. Nanoparticle- and formulation-based delivery systems have been developed to address these pharmacokinetic limitations and improvethe therapeutic feasibility of natural product-derived compounds. This literature review discusses the pharmacokinetic enhancement of selected secondary metabolites using nanosuspensions, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, micelles, nanosponges, phytosome-based systems, and nano-sized water-soluble formulations, with emphasis on their potential relevance for human clinical translation. The reviewed studies show improvements in AUC, Cmax, Tmax, half-life, bioavailability, systemic exposure, and tissue distribution compared with conventional formulations. In addition to preclinical evidence, human pharmacokinetic studies on quercetin phytosome, berberine phytosome, and nano-sized curcumin formulation suggest that formulation strategies may improve systemic exposure in humans. These findings support the potential role of nanoparticle and formulation-based delivery systems as translational tools for improving the clinical utility of natural product-derived secondary metabolites. Nevertheless, further studies in patient populations are required to confirm clinical efficacy, long-term safety, and therapeutic relevance.
Co-Authors Faolananda Qurrota A'yun Lalu Rifqi Azami Shafira Khansa Haiba Silhiyatun Mayada Steve Pratama Tanjaya Vania Aisyah Aulia Syahda Haris Zaskia Rizky Maulana