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All Journal Journal of Health Sciences and Epidemiology
Indah Rohmawati
Diploma of Nursing Study Program, STIKes Hutama Abdi Husada, Tulungagung, Indonesia
Health Professions Nursing Public Health

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Discrepancy between VIA Screening and HPV DNA Status: A Real-World Evidence from a Large-Scale Program Indah Rohmawati; Aris Setiawan; Bekti Krisdyana; Nunik Ningtiyasari
Journal of Health Sciences and Epidemiology Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : RRZ Scientific Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62404/gqfhdm20

Abstract

Cervical cancer is a significant health issue in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) is commonly used for screening because of its affordability. This study analyzed the association between reproductive factors, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) DNA status, and VIA results among 860 women in Tulungagung, Indonesia. The participants had a mean age of 41 years, and 48% used hormonal contraceptives. Most respondents had negative VIA results (94.1%) and negative HPV DNA status (90.7%). Bivariate and multivariate analyses showed no significant associations between VIA results and HPV DNA (p=0.262), age (OR=0.747, p>0.05), or contraceptive use. Diagnostic analysis revealed that VIA had a high specificity (94.4%) but very low sensitivity (8.8%) when compared to HPV DNA status. The high false-positive rate (86.3% of VIA-positive cases were HPV-negative) highlights VIA's limitations of VIA in terms of objectivity. In conclusion, reproductive factors and HPV DNA were not significant predictors of VIA outcomes. Transitioning toward HPV DNA testing as a primary screening tool is recommended to improve program accuracy.
Co-Authors Aris Setiawan Bekti Krisdyana Nunik Ningtiyasari