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All Journal Envirotek : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Lingkungan International Journal of Science and Environment Journal Of Chemical Process Engineering
Nindia Noor Indah
Program Studi Teknik Kimia, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur, Jl. Raya Rungkut Madya, Gunung Anyar, Surabaya, 60294, Indonesia
Aerospace Engineering Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Energy Engineering Environmental Science Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Mathematics Physics

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Evaluation of Polar Lipid Waste from Vegetable Oil Extraction: Insights from Experimental and Validated Simulation Results Husodo, Amani Salsabil; Indah, Nindia Noor; Wardani, Ratri Puspita; Gunawan, Setiyo
Envirotek : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Lingkungan Vol. 17 No. 2 (2025): Envirotek: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Lingkungan
Publisher : Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33005/envirotek.v17i2.2222

Abstract

This paper examined the wastewater production attributed to the solvent-based cooking oil extraction using Aspen Plus simulation facilitated which has been confirmed by experimental results. Distillate condensates that had remaining solvents as well as free fatty acids (FFAs) were identified as waste streams. Three feedstocks were tested, Crude Nyamplung Oil (CNO), high-FFA Crude Palm Oil (CPO-acid), and regular Crude Palm Oil (CPO-regular). CNO generated 0.288 t/h of hexane and methanol traces of wastewater, whereas CPO-acid (1.338 t/h) and CPO-regular (1.419 t/h) contained ethanol. The stoichiometric oxidation was used to estimate chemical oxygen demand (COD), whereas FFA content was used to determine oil and grease (O&G). The COD values of untreated streams were 293.236 mg/L (CNO), 2511.39 mg/L (CPO-acid), and 1662 mg/L (CPO-regular), which were higher than the Indonesian standard (350 mg/L). Oil and Grease (O&G) values of the untreated waste streams were not met the standards. Solvent based processes are less polluting as compared to refinery effluents (COD >15000 mg/L, O&G 4000mg/L), yet not in compliance with COD. Solvency and FFA value to biodiesel or PFAD are suggested to be enhanced to decrease the environmental burden.
Enhancing Vinasse Treatment Efficiency using Electro-Fenton: The Role of Electrode Thickness and Power Supply Voltage Lilik Suprianti; Friska Nur Cahyani; Andreas Deardo HP; Kindriari Nurma Wahyusi; Nindia Noor Indah
International Journal of Science and Environment (IJSE) Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): May 2026
Publisher : CV. Inara in Colaboration with www.stie-sampit.ac.id

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51601/ijse.v6i2.478

Abstract

The production of ethanol from molasses generates vinasse as a by-product of the distillation process. Vinasse waste produced by PT Energi Agro Nusantara contains COD and BOD levels of 910.5 ppm and 460.5 ppm, respectively, which significantly exceed the maximum limits set by wastewater quality standards, necessitating treatment. One treatment method is the use of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), which utilize hydroxyl radicals to oxidize organic pollutants in vinasse. One such process is the electro-Fenton process. In this study, 500 ml of vinasse was placed in a beaker and stirred for 90 minutes. A 25 ml addition of hydrogen peroxide was made, with a 2 cm gap between the iron electrode plates. Voltage variations of 3V, 6V, 9V, and 12V, along with electrode thicknesses of 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, and 6 mm, were tested. COD and BOD levels were analyzed using the titrimetric method. The results showed that increasing the voltage and electrode thickness reduced COD and BOD levels, while the percentages of COD and BOD removal increased. The highest voltage (12V) and electrode thickness (6 mm) yielded the lowest final COD and BOD values of 163.5 ppm and 88.9 ppm, respectively, with COD removal at 82% and BOD removal at 81%.
Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide Addition Method on Fenton Oxidation of Sugarcane Vinasse Nindia Noor Indah; Riezky Gusti Fadhlillah; Amani Salsabil Husodo
Journal of Chemical Process Engineering Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Chemical Process Engineering
Publisher : Fakultas Teknologi Industri - Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/jcpe.v11i1.2317

Abstract

Vinasse, a highly polluting byproduct generated during ethanol production, exhibited a very high chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 132,000 mg/L, making its treatment a critical environmental challenge. To reduce COD levels in vinasse, the Fenton process was employed in this study. The experiments were carried out for 1 hour in batches at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. The chemical reagents used for the reaction consisted of a 50% H₂O₂ solution and Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O, with the key variable being the H₂O₂ addition method of direct addition (one-shot, 80 mL at t=0) and stepwise (gradually, 20 mL aliquots at t=0, 10, 20, 30 min). Samples were collected every 10 minutes for COD analysis. While both dosing methods demonstrated time-dependent COD removal, the stepwise addition proved to be significantly more efficient, achieving a maximum measured removal of 57.39% compared to 39.12% for the direct H2O2 addition method. Furthermore, biphasic kinetic modeling showed that the direct addition of H₂O₂ exhibited a rapid initial oxidation phase (k1=0.0925 min⁻¹) followed by a slower and almost stagnant phase (k2=0.0005 min⁻¹). In contrast, the stepwise addition resulted in a lower but more sustained degradation rate (k1=0.0246 min⁻¹; k2≈0 min⁻¹), indicating a more uniform oxidation behavior under stepwise oxidant loading. 
Co-Authors Amani Salsabil Husodo Andreas Deardo HP Friska Nur Cahyani Husodo, Amani Salsabil Kindriari Nurma Wahyusi Riezky Gusti Fadhlillah Setiyo Gunawan Suprianti, Lilik Wardani, Ratri Puspita