<![CDATA[Purpose– This study aims to examine the effect of intellectual capital, operational efficiency, and managerial ownership on the financial performance of conventional banks in Indonesia that are listed in Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI). Design/methodology– This research employs a quantitative explanatory approach using panel data from conventional banks that are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2022–2024 period. Return on Assets (ROA) serves as a proxy for financial performance, while Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) is used for intellectual capital. Operational efficiency is represented by the BOPO ratio, and the percentage of shares held by management is used to calculate managerial ownership. Panel data regression is applied, and the best-suited estimating model is the Random Effect Model. Findings - The results indicate that financial performance is positively and statistically significantly influenced by intellectual capital, suggesting that stronger knowledge-based resources can enhance bank profitability. Operational efficiency shows a negative but insignificant effect, implying that BOPO has not yet become a dominant determinant of profitability in conventional banks. Meanwhile, managerial ownership has a positive and statistically significant effect, indicating that managerial shareholding can encourage managers to improve financial performance. Overall, the findings suggest that the profitability of conventional banks in Indonesia is more strongly supported by intellectual capital and managerial ownership, while operational efficiency has not shown a significant role in improving ROA.]]>
