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Petra Bunawan
Master of Notarial Law, Faculty of Law, Universitas Pasundan
Humanities Astronomy Education Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences Other

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The Application of The Fairness Principle Legal Protection For Parties in Limited Liability Company Suci desy Mitalina; Sayid Muhammad Rifki Noval; Petra Bunawan
International Journal of Latin Notary Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Internasional Journal of Latin Notary, March 2026
Publisher : Magister Kenotariatan Universitas Pasundan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61968/journal.v6i2.93

Abstract

A corporate merger is a process by which two or more legal entities are combined to form a single, larger entity. In Indonesia, the merger process is regulated under Law No. 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies (Undang-Undang Perseroan Terbatas, UUPT). This article analyses the application of legal protection for the parties involved in the merger of a Limited Liability Company (Perseroan Terbatas, PT), particularly from the perspective of the fairness principle, which constitutes the principal foundation of any business transaction. Legal protection in a merger context is critical because such transactions may adversely affect certain parties, especially minority shareholders and creditors. The application of the fairness principle in PT mergers is therefore essential to the creation of a fair and transparent business climate. Using a descriptive-qualitative method with a normative juridical approach, the study examines the relevant Indonesian statutory framework alongside scholarly commentary on corporate fairness. The findings indicate that, although the UUPT and its implementing regulations have established a multi-layered framework of protection covering shareholders, creditors, and workers, gaps remain in the operationalisation of fairness, particularly in the areas of transparency of information, valuation, and the protection of minority shareholders. Strengthened due diligence, independent valuation, and effective dispute resolution channels are accordingly recommended to give substantive effect to the fairness principle in Indonesian merger practice.
The Evidentiary Legal Force of Auction Minutes Prepared By Class II Auction Officials in Disputes Over Voluntary Auction Objects Agung Trilaksono; Petra Bunawan; Teddy Chandra
International Journal of Latin Notary Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Internasional Journal of Latin Notary, March 2026
Publisher : Magister Kenotariatan Universitas Pasundan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61968/journal.v6i2.136

Abstract

This study examines the evidentiary legal force of the auction minutes (risalah lelang) prepared by Class II Auction Officials in voluntary auctions and the role of such minutes in legal disputes involving auction objects. The auction minutes constitute an official document that records the entire course and outcome of an auction and are therefore frequently invoked as evidence in auction-related disputes. The principal aim of this research is to assess whether the auction minutes can be relied upon as valid and authoritative evidence when challenged through litigation, particularly when a party claims to have been disadvantaged by the auction outcome. The research employs a normative juridical method, combining a statutory approach with case analysis. The findings indicate that auction minutes prepared by Class II Auction Officials possess significant legal force provided that the auction process complies with the applicable regulations. In practice, however, challenges arise, especially when third parties contest the procedure or outcome of the auction. The study recommends stricter supervision and clearer regulatory standards to ensure that the auction process is conducted in a fair and transparent manner.
Co-Authors Agung Trilaksono Sayid Muhammad Rifki Noval Suci desy Mitalina Teddy Chandra