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All Journal Journal of Religious and Socio-Cultural Indonesian Journal of Religious
Moses Adeleke Adeoye
ECWA Theological Seminary, Igbaja-Kwara, Nigeria
Religion Arts Humanities Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Social Sciences Other

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The Census of David and the Problem of Causation: Divine Sovereignty, Śāṭān, and Human Responsibility Moses Adeleke Adeoye
Indonesian Journal of Religious Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Religious, Vol.9, No.1 (April 2026)
Publisher : LPPM - Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Indonesia Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46362/ijr.v9i1.129

Abstract

The cause of a long interpretive problem, with incitement of the census attributed to the LORD in 2 Samuel chapter 24:1, and with incitement of the census attributable to the incitement of the LORD in 1 Chronicles chapter. These attributional differences have spawned an assortment of academic interpretations, such as redactional revision, theological development, historiographical reinterpretation, and canonical methods of biblical causation. The paper re-establishes the relationship of the two texts through the qualitative, textual discussion, which involves literary comparison, linguistic examination of the Hebrew word śataan, and the discussion of biblical structures of mediated agency on a larger scale. Particular attention is focused on those tales in which Godly purposes are fulfilled by secondary participants, like Job 1192, 1 Kings 22:1923 and the hardening traditions of the Exodus. The article argues that the two census accounts do not necessarily need to be viewed as mutually exclusive accounts, but they can be understood as indicating different levels of causation in the biblical narrative discourse: divine sovereignty as ultimate causation, an adversarial agent as proximate causation and David as the agent of moral responsibility. This suggestion is considered in conjunction with historical-critical interpretations, which see Chronicles as a theological reworking of Samuel. The analysis also suggests that the census was not inherently illicit in itself; the census itself is mentioned elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible as a legitimate event under justifiable circumstances, but it was guilty of intent, covenantal fidelity and royal responsibility. The article provides a constructive interpretation of these passages by placing the texts in broader biblical notions of agency, judgment and accountability, as well as current debates over inner-biblical interpretation, divine agency and the theological rationale of parallel narratives.
Unpacking Paul's Wisdom: Applying Corinthian Solutions to Today's Church Dilemmas Moses Adeleke Adeoye; Mordecai Gimba Suleiman; Theophilus Benjamin
Journal of Religious and Socio-Cultural Vol 6 No 2 (2025): Journal of Religious and Socio-Cultural Vol.6 No.2 (November 2025)
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Widya Agape dan Perkumpulan Teolog Agama Kristen Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46362/jrsc.v6i2.323

Abstract

Contemporary churches continue to wrestle with division, moral failures, spiritual elitism, and leadership scandals—struggles that mirror those faced by the first-century Corinthian church. This study examines how Paul’s instructions in 1 Corinthians offer enduring, practical wisdom for today’s ecclesial dilemmas. While much scholarship highlights Paul’s theology, fewer studies apply his counsel directly to modern crises such as church splits, abuse of spiritual gifts, or the collapse of trust in leaders. Using a qualitative historical-grammatical approach supported by biblical commentaries and concordances, this paper situates Paul’s message within its socio-cultural context and draws parallels for contemporary practice. The findings reveal four central contributions: unity in diversity as an antidote to factionalism, the equitable and orderly exercise of spiritual gifts, love as the supreme virtue for authentic community, and servant leadership as a safeguard against authoritarianism. These insights remain transferable across denominational lines and provide a framework for fostering healthier congregations. However, interpretive challenges persist, as modern contexts differ significantly from Corinth’s urban Greco-Roman world. Despite these limitations, Paul’s theology continues to speak powerfully into contexts of fragmentation and mistrust. This study contributes to scholarship by bridging the gap between Pauline exegesis and pastoral praxis, offering concrete, biblically grounded strategies for renewal in contemporary Christian communities.
Co-Authors Mordecai Gimba Suleiman Theophilus Benjamin