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p-Index From 2021 - 2026
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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research
Arca, Emil
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Education Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Implementation of the AKSYON Fund under Department Order No. 04 (2023): Evidence of a Governance Gap in Labor Migration Policy for Overseas Filipino Workers in Saudi Arabia Arca, Emil
Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research (IJSSR)
Publisher : Future Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11594/ijssr.07.01.42

Abstract

The implementation of the AKSYON Fund (Department Order No. 04, Series of 2023), identifies governance gaps in labor migration policies affecting Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) in Saudi Arabia. Employing a mixed-methods design, the research integrates quantitative data from 200 respondents—including migrant workers and diplomatic staff—with qualitative insights from in-depth interviews with documented and undocumented OFWs. The results show that core services like legal, medical, repatriation, financial help, shipping of remains, and rescue operations are generally helpful, but they are not as effective as they could be because of delays in operations, complicated procedures, and limited access. Statistical analysis reveals a significant disconnect between institutional assessments and migrant experiences, highlighting a critical gap in policy implementation. Qualitative evidence further underscores pervasive vulnerabilities, with 100% of respondents reporting financial risk and a majority facing social, health, and psychological challenges. Drawing on Strategic Action Fields and Recognition Theory, the study argues that these gaps reflect a misalignment between institutional policy design and the lived realities of migrants. The research contributes to migration governance literature by advocating for a shift from mere policy provision toward a performance-oriented, migrant-centered delivery system. 
Beyond Religious Determinism: Structural Drivers of Terrorism and Political Violence in the Philippine Context Arca, Emil
Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research (IJSSR) In press
Publisher : Future Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11594/ijssr.07.01.55

Abstract

This study examines whether terrorism is intrinsically rooted in Islamic doctrine by synthesizing evidence from Islamic jurisprudence, comparative terrorism research, and the Philippine context. A PRISMA 2020-informed structured qualitative literature review and thematic synthesis of 35 peer-reviewed studies, complemented by seminal theoretical literature, were conducted. The findings indicate that religious narratives function primarily as sources of identity, symbolic legitimacy, and ideological and religious framing rather than independent drivers of terrorism. Terrorism emerges as a strategic form of political violence pursued to achieve political and organizational objectives, with religious discourse serving as a mechanism for political mobilization rather than as a doctrinal obligation. Political exclusion, weak governance, protracted conflict, historical marginalization, and institutional fragility constitute the principal structural drivers of extremist violence. Evidence from the Philippines further demonstrates that negotiated political inclusion and institutional reform address these structural conditions more effectively than approaches centered on religious profiling. The study concludes that terrorism is better explained by structural and political conditions than by religious doctrine, supporting counterterrorism policies grounded in inclusive governance, institutional reform, and conflict resolution.
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