<![CDATA[Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is a key objective in the development of health systems, emphasizing access to quality healthcare services without imposing financial hardship on the population. Indonesia, Thailand, and India implement different health insurance financing models and therefore face diverse implementation challenges. This study aims to compare the financing models, membership coverage, and implementation challenges of the national health insurance systems in these three countries. The research employs a systematic literature review using a document analysis approach. The primary data were obtained from literature reviews, quantitative studies, policy analyses, systematic reviews, and policy reports. The findings indicate that Thailand adopts a tax-funded financing model through the Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS), which has successfully expanded access to healthcare services but continues to face challenges related to service capacity and quality. India has developed various public health insurance schemes; however, the fragmented nature of its system has limited financial protection, resulting in persistently high out-of-pocket expenditures. Meanwhile, Indonesia implements the National Health Insurance (JKN) program based on a social health insurance model supported by government subsidies and contribution-based financing. This approach has achieved broad population coverage despite ongoing challenges related to financial sustainability, contribution compliance among informal sector workers, and disparities in healthcare access across regions. The success of UHC depends not only on achieving high enrollment coverage but also on ensuring sustainable financing, equitable access, high-quality healthcare services, and effective financial protection. The experiences of Thailand, India, and Indonesia demonstrate that each financing model possesses distinct strengths and challenges that can provide valuable lessons for strengthening national health insurance systems. Universal Health Coverage (UHC) merupakan tujuan penting dalam pembangunan sistem kesehatan yang menekankan akses layanan kesehatan yang bermutu tanpa menimbulkan beban finansial bagi masyarakat. Indonesia, Thailand, dan India menerapkan model pembiayaan asuransi kesehatan yang berbeda sehingga menghadapi tantangan implementasi yang beragam. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan model pembiayaan, cakupan kepesertaan, dan tantangan implementasi sistem asuransi kesehatan nasional di ketiga negara. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode systematic literature review dengan menggunakan pendekatan analisis dokumen. Data utama yang diperoleh berasal dari literature review, studi kuantitatif, policy analysis, systematic review, dan laporan kebijakan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa Thailand menerapkan pembiayaan berbasis pajak melalui Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS) yang mampu memperluas akses kesehatan, namun masih menghadapi kendala pada kapasitas dan kualitas pelayanan. India mengembangkan berbagai skema asuransi publik, tetapi sistem yang terfragmentasi menyebabkan perlindungan finansial belum optimal dan pengeluaran langsung masyarakat (out-of-pocket) masih tinggi. Sementara itu Indonesia mengimplementasikan Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) dengan model asuransi sosial yang didukung subsidi pemerintah dan sistem iuran, sehingga berhasil mencapai cakupan kepesertaan yang luas meskipun masih menghadapi tantangan berupa keberlanjutan pembiayaan, kepatuhan pembayaran iuran sektor informal, serta ketimpangan akses layanan antar wilayah. Keberhasilan UHC tidak hanya ditentukan oleh tingginya cakupan kepesertaan, tetapi juga oleh keberlanjutan pembiayaan, pemerataan akses, kualitas pelayanan, dan perlindungan finansial yang efektif. Pengalaman Thailand, India, dan Indonesia menunjukkan bahwa setiap model memiliki kelebihan dan tantangan yang dapat menjadi pembelajaran dalam memperkuat sistem jaminan kesehatan nasional.]]>
