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Mohd Azli Salim
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

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Thermal effects of curing parameters on the natural frequency of GNP/Ag ink composites Khirwizam Md Hkhir; Nor Azmmi Masripan; Cholatee Photong; Alan Watson; Mohd Azli Salim
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 41, No 3: March 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i3.pp845-858

Abstract

This research examines how curing temperature and duration influence the electrical and mechanical behavior of hybrid graphene nanoplatelet and silver (GNP/Ag) conductive ink. The ink was formulated from GNPs, silver flakes and silver acetate printed on copper substrates, then cured 240 °C, 250 °C, and 260 °C for one to three hours. Electrical resistance was measured using a Two-Point probe, while natural frequency was obtained from experimental modal analysis (EMA) on stainless-steel (SUS304) cantilever beams laminated with printed ink. The results show that the higher curing temperature and longer curing time reduce resistivity and increase natural frequency, with the best performance observed at 260 °C for 3 hours (8.4×10⁻⁶ Ω.m and a 4.2 Hz increase). These findings confirm that a direct relationship between conductivity and stiffness, where conditions that promote stronger particle bonding also raise structural rigidity. The main contribution of this research is the joint evaluation of curing effects on both electrical and vibrational responses, offering a combined electro-mechanical perspective that is not often explored in GNP/Ag ink research. The results provide practical guidance for selecting curing conditions based on the required balance between conductivity and mechanical stability in flexible and stretchable electronic applications.
Relationship between voltage and resistance in hybrid nanoconductive ink on different substrates in wet and dry conditions Norashikin Shari; Nurfaizey Abd Hamid; Chonlatee Photong; Alan J. Watson; Mohd Azli Salim
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 41, No 1: January 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v41.i1.pp18-32

Abstract

Hybrid graphene nanoplatelet/silver (GNP/Ag/SA) conductive inks are increasingly used in flexible electronics, yet there is limited understanding of how substrate type, solvent composition, and moisture exposure jointly control the electrical performance on metal and polymer substrates. This work aims to clarify how terpinol content (5T, 10T, 15T) and substrate properties of copper (Cu), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) influence voltage, resistance, and resistivity of screen-printed GNP/Ag/SA tracks under dry and postimmersion wet conditions. GNP/Ag/SA inks were formulated with fixed butanol and varied terpinol contents, printed on Cu, PET, and TPU, and characterized using electrical measurements, adhesion evaluation, and microstructural observations to relate resistivity trends to morphology, surface energy, and hygroscopic behavior. The Cu substrate showed the best performance, with Cu 10T achieving the lowest dry resistivity of approximately 1.2×10-5 Ω.m and Cu 15T the lowest wet resistivity of approximately 2.0×10-5 Ω.m, supported by dense, well-adhered microstructures. The PET exhibited higher resistivity values up to about 10-3 Ω.m and clear degradation after water immersion, while TPU showed very high or unmeasurable resistivity in wet conditions caused by severe ink loss and hygroscopic swelling, highlighting the important role of substrate surface energy and moisture response in determining the reliability of GNP/Ag/SA inks for applications in humid or wet environments.
Co-Authors Alan J. Watson Alan Watson Cholatee Photong Chonlatee Photong Khirwizam Md Hkhir Nor Azmmi Masripan Norashikin Shari Nurfaizey Abd Hamid