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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Nahom Gebeyehu Zinabu
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University

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GRAND-stream: A galois-ring-based lightweight stream cipher for battery-limited internet of things (IoT) devices Nahom Gebeyehu Zinabu; Yihenew Wondie Marye; Kula Kekeba Tune; Samuel Asferaw Demilew
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 42, No 2: May 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v42.i2.pp542-551

Abstract

GRAND-Stream is a new lightweight stream encryption framework based on arithmetic over Galois rings that targets battery-constrained internet of things (IoT) devices. Unlike traditional LFSR/NLFSR-based designs, GRAND-stream uses ring-squaring-induced nonlinearity and inter component polynomial coupling to improve algebraic complexity while keeping compact implementation qualities. We give an explicit parameterized construction for Z2 n[x]/(f(x)), specify its state updating and output functions, and investigate algebraic degree growth and diffusion behavior. The security arguments are heuristic, based on explicitly stated assumptions about the difficulty of solving quadratic systems over Galois rings. Energy per bit, cycle count, and gate complexity are estimated using an analytical performance model. Although initial findings show potential compactness, more research is needed for thorough cryptanalysis and empirical validation on embedded devices. Therefore, GRAND-stream should be considered a structured algebraic design concept that needs more assessment.
Co-Authors Kula Kekeba Tune Samuel Asferaw Demilew Yihenew Wondie Marye