<![CDATA[This bibliometric study provides a comprehensive of global research on biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using heterogeneous CaO, MgO, and TiO2 catalysts during the period of 2015–2025. A total of 179 Scopus-indexed documents were analyzed by means of VOSviewer to examine publication trends, citation impact, co-authorship networks, and keyword co-occurrence. It is evident that Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia dominate both the publications and citations, reflecting their dominant palm oil production capacity. A substantial proportion of publications is concentrated on high-impact journals in the fields of energy and chemical engineering. A keyword clustering analysis reveals five main themes: process optimization, catalyst synthesis (including waste-derived CaO), feedstock diversification, activation/intensification techniques, and sustainability. The results demonstrate a predominance of laboratory-scale studies employing waste-based oxides, with a paucity of research addressing pilot-scale implementation, techno-economic assessment, and life cycle analysis. The findings provide a strategic roadmap for researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to prioritize future developments in PFAD-based biodiesel production, particularly in catalyst scale-up, techno-economic assessment, and sustainable process integration. The primary benefit of this study is its capacity to systematically consolidate a decade of disparate research into a structured analytical framework, thereby enabling more targeted investment in under-explored areas such as pilot-scale implementation and life cycle analysis. In turn, this is expected to accelerate the transition of PFAD-based biodiesel from laboratory research to industrial application.]]>
