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Pirim Setiarso
Department of Chemistry, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya 60231, Indonesia
Engineering

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The effect of pH on anthocyanin extraction from Clitoria ternatea L. and polyetherimide polymer membrane electrolyte on the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) Nita Kusumawati; Pirim Setiarso; Samik Samik; Muhamad Syariffuddien Zuhrie; AR. Sella Auliya; Khofifatul Rahmawati; Ahmad Naufal Al Hafidl; Muchamad Sabilah Hanafi
Communications in Science and Technology Vol 11 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Komunitas Ilmuwan dan Profesional Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21924/cst.11.1.2026.1890

Abstract

This present study investigates the effect of pH variation (2-12) on anthocyanin extraction from Clitoria ternatea L. and polyetherimide (PEI) polymer membrane electrolyte performance in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The extraction of anthocyanin was conducted through the utilization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) at 280 watts for 15 minutes, employing a distilled water ratio of 1:20 ratio. This was followed by a systematic pH conditioning procedure. The characterization employed a range of analytical techniques, including UV-Vis spectrophotometry (400-800 nm), FTIR (4000-500 cm-1), cyclic voltammetry for HOMO-LUMO analysis, SEM (1,000×-10,000× magnification), XRD for crystallinity determination, DSC for thermal stability (60-450°C), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results obtained demonstrated that pH 4 anthocyanin exhibited maximum dual absorption peaks at 571.21 nm and 612.85 nm, representing the magenta-colored quinoidal base structure with superior light-harvesting capabilities. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of stable functional groups, including O-H stretching (3338.08 cm-1), C=O stretching (1710 cm-1), and aromatic C=C (1416.91 cm-1) across all pH conditions without new chemical bond formation. The pH 4 dye demonstrated the narrowest energy bandgap (0.1316 eV) with HOMO at -4.1597 eV and LUMO at -4.0281 eV, optimally aligned with the TiO2 conduction band (-4.0 eV) for efficient electron injection. The PEI membrane exhibited asymmetric morphology with 12.77% crystallinity, a hierarchical porous structure, and excellent thermal stability up to 500°C. The performance of the DSCC reached its maximum at a pH of 4, with efficiency η = 2.37%, Voc = 597 mV, Jsc = 0.0119 mA/cm2, FF = 5.60%, and minimum charge transfer resistance Rct = 100–150 Ω. These findings demonstrate that pH 4 optimization is critical for enhancing the efficiency of DSSC through quinoidal base formation, enhanced molecular conjugation, and accelerated charge transfer processes in environmentally sustainable photovoltaic systems.
The effect of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis (UAEH) on the physicochemical properties and bioactivity of edible swiftlet’s nest hydrolysates Nita Kusumawati; Pirim Setiarso; Sunu Kuntjoro; Ita Fatkhur Romadhoni; Gina Noor Djalilah; Khofifatul Rahmawati; Senja Salzanabila Putri Perdana; Achmad Naufal Al Hafidl; Amirul Mu’minin; Safira Keysa Dewayanti; Anandatya Ramdhan Achmad Al Manfaluty; Shafira Basri; Nailah Clarinta Artanti; Firnanda Amelia Wulandari; Aprilia Putri Nur Afifatun Nisak; Muhammad Zaky Fachriansyah
Communications in Science and Technology Vol 11 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Komunitas Ilmuwan dan Profesional Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21924/cst.11.1.2026.1974

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis (UAEH) compared with non-hydrolyzed samples on the physicochemical properties and bioactivity of edible swiftlet’s nest (ESN) co-product hydrolysates using bromelain under optimized processing conditions. ESN was subjected to UAEH treatment (40 °C, pH 7.0, 40 kHz) followed by freeze-drying. The results showed that hESN-C achieved the highest yield (62.13%) and degree of hydrolysis (37.95%), while hESN-CP gave the lowest (28% yield, 9.57% degree of hydrolysis). FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the retention of key glycoprotein functional groups across all hydrolysate fractions: characteristic O–H/N–H stretching vibrations at 3270-3272 cm-1, Amide I at 1630-1631 cm-1, and Amide II at 1526-1537 cm-1, together with glycan-associated C–O/C–N stretching vibrations, indicating selective peptide bond cleavage by bromelain without disruption of glycosidic linkages and preservation of the carbohydrate architecture in the resulting bioactive glycopeptides. HPLC qualitatively confirmed sialic acid retention in all fractions (retention time 6-7 min). Amino acid profiling revealed complete essential amino acid profiles in all samples, with the highest concentrations in hESN-C dominated by L-valine (36,507.33 mg/kg), L-proline (37,083.32 mg/kg), and L-serine (37,635.48 mg/kg). Fatty acid analysis identified oleic acid (0.1491%) and linoleic acid (0.0428%) as the predominant unsaturated fatty acids, particularly in hESN-CP. Particle size analysis demonstrated that UAEH produced smaller, more uniformly distributed nanoparticles (14.17-27.03 nm) with low polydispersity indices (<0.3). Scanning electron microscopy revealed distinct morphological differences: hESN-C and hESN-D exhibited homogeneous laminar structures, whereas hESN-CP displayed heterogeneous porous morphology attributed to keratin from feather residues. UAEH treatment significantly increased soluble protein content (hESN-C: 1.246 μg/μL; hESN-CP: 0.844 μg/μL) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (up to 10.70% for hESN-CP) relative to non-hydrolyzed controls. Heavy metal concentrations (Hg: 0.0172–0.0236 mg/L; Cd: 0.1194–0.1444 mg/L; Pb: 0.11–1.4 mg/L) remained within Chinese safety thresholds, and water activity was reduced to safe levels (<0.60). Collectively, these results demonstrate that UAEH is an effective and sustainable strategy for valorizing ESN co-products into physicochemically improved, bioactive glycopeptide hydrolysates with potential as functional food ingredients. Future studies employing quantitative in vitro bioactivity assays and in vivo validation are warranted to substantiate broader health-benefit claims.
Co-Authors Achmad Naufal Al Hafidl Ahmad Naufal Al Hafidl Amirul Mu’minin Anandatya Ramdhan Achmad Al Manfaluty Aprilia Putri Nur Afifatun Nisak AR. Sella Auliya Firnanda Amelia Wulandari Gina Noor Djalilah Ita Fatkhur Romadhoni Khofifatul Rahmawati Muchamad Sabilah Hanafi Muhamad Syariffuddien Zuhrie Muhammad Zaky Fachriansyah Nailah Clarinta Artanti Nita Kusumawati Safira Keysa Dewayanti Samik Samik Senja Salzanabila Putri Perdana Shafira Basri Sunu Kuntjoro