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All Journal Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education Journal (Birle Journal) Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences Budapest International Research in Exact Sciences (BirEx Journal)
Belay Sitotaw Goshu
Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa
Religion Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Arts Humanities Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Physics Social Sciences Transportation Other

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Ubuntu, algorithms, and ancestral epistemologies: A systematic review of AI–indigenous knowledge integration in African societies Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education (BirLE) Journal Vol 9, No 2 (2026): Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education, May
Publisher : BIRCU

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/birle.v9i2.8236

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly expanding across African societies, yet most AI ethics frameworks derive from Western individualistic philosophies. Indigenous knowledge systems (IKS), including Ubuntu, Ifa, and other ancestral epistemologies offer alternative, relational foundations for ethical and effective AI. This systematic review synthesizes peer reviewed and grey literature on AI-IKS integration in African societies, identifying applications, ethical frameworks, governance models, and documented outcomes. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we searched Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online (2010-2025). Thirty four studies met inclusion criteria. Thematic synthesis was conducted after quality appraisal using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool and a theory focused framework. Four themes emerged: (1) Ubuntu is widely proposed as a relational AI ethics alternative, but operationalization is minimal (only two prototypes). (2) Practical applications exist in agriculture (ITIKI drought prediction, 78% accuracy), health (AI medicinal plant mining), language, and architecture, but only three systems are field validated. (3) Risks of epistemic extraction, data sovereignty violations, and stereotype perpetuation are well theorized yet rarely mitigated. (4) Governance is fragmented; no African country has a dedicated IKS AI policy. The field is conceptually rich but empirically thin. A schism exists between Ubuntu ethics discourse and deployed systems. Future research must prioritise community led co design, enforceable data sovereignty, longitudinal impact assessment, and publication of negative results.
The Legible Mind: How Generative AI Flattens Consciousness, Transforms Communication, and Recenters Human Intelligence on the Illegible Muhammad Ridwan; Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Anantasha Titisania Rimadewi
Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) Vol 9, No 3 (2026): Budapest International Research and Critics Institute August
Publisher : Budapest International Research and Critics University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/birci.v9i3.8232

Abstract

Generative AI produces highly legible outputs fluent, coherent, and statistically probable text. Yet human consciousness, communication, and intelligence are fundamentally shaped by illegible elements: qualia, strategic ambiguity, error, and non derivable insight. This paper introduces the concept of “the legible mind” to examine how generative AI flattens consciousness, transforms communication, and recenters human intelligence in the age of synthetic media. Drawing on philosophy of mind (Nagel, Chalmers, and Searle), communication theory (Grice, Austin), human computer interaction (Norman), and recent empirical studies of AI detection and uncanny valley effects, we develop a conceptual framework distinguishing legible outputs from illegible processes. AI simulates conscious outputs without subjective experience, inverting the Turing test so that humans feel pressure to imitate machinic legibility (e.g., CAPTCHAs). Communication shifts from intention driven cooperation to hyper legibility, provoking strategic illegibility (deliberate errors, personal digressions) as an authenticity signal. Human intelligence recenters on meta legibility: prompting, critique, and integration of AI generated content with non derivable insight. AI makes legibility cheap, rendering the illegible scarce and valuable. The legible mind is a tool; the danger is forgetting the illegible. Interdisciplinary research should investigate how humans perceive illegibility, regulate deceptive AI that simulates human imperfection, redesign education around meta legibility, and develop proof of humanity protocols based on embodied presence.
From Diaspora Recruitment to Structural Reintegration: A Multi-Scalar Governance Framework for Reversing Africa’s Brain Drain in the Post-2026 World Cup Era” Belay Sitotaw Goshu
Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) Vol 9, No 3 (2026): Budapest International Research and Critics Institute August
Publisher : Budapest International Research and Critics University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/birci.v9i3.8199

Abstract

The 2026 FIFA World Cup revealed a striking phenomenon: approximately 25% of players and a majority of many African squads were born outside the nations they represent, demonstrating Africa's systematic capacity for diaspora recruitment in sport. Yet this sporting success exposes a profound paradox: while African football associations have mastered diaspora engagement, developmental institutions have failed to build equivalent frameworks for reintegrating the skilled professionals who constitute the continent's true developmental asset.This paper advances a multi-scalar governance framework for reversing Africa's brain drain through structural diaspora reintegration, drawing on the 2026 World Cup as an analytical lens to illuminate what is possible - and what remains undone. The paper employs a policy analysis approach, synthesizing academic literature, institutional reports, and policy documents across migration studies, governance theory, and African development. It examines three country case studies (Senegal, Ghana, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and develops a framework operating across continental, national, and community levels.Africa loses an estimated $2-4 billion annually to brain drain, with approximately 70,000 skilled professionals emigrating each year. Paradoxically, diaspora remittances surpassed $100 billion in 2024, exceeding Official Development Assistance and Foreign Direct Investment. The African Union has established the policy architecture - declaring the diaspora the Sixth Region and endorsing Agenda 2063 - but suffers from a profound "implementation deficit," with institutional mechanisms remaining underdeveloped for over two decades.The 2026 World Cup demonstrates that systematic diaspora engagement works. Africa must move from brain drain to brain circulation to structural reintegration, shifting from treating diaspora as loss to treating diaspora as strategic asset. The paper recommends a Decade of Repatriation (2026-2036), operationalizing the Sixth Region, fast-tracking free movement protocols, reforming citizenship laws, addressing push factors, and establishing continental financial mechanisms and talent tracking systems.
Drivers and pathways for Ethiopia's 2050 decarbonization: An integrated LMDI LEAP modeling framework Belay Sitotaw Goshu
Budapest International Research in Exact Sciences (BirEx) Journal Vol 8, No 2 (2026): Budapest International Research in Exact Sciences, April
Publisher : Budapest International Research and Critics University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/birex.v8i2.8212

Abstract

Ethiopia has sustained rapid economic growth (6-10 percent annually) but remains heavily dependent on traditional biomass (88 percent of final energy), with electrification at only 55 percent as of 2022. Ambitious climate targets under NDC 3.0 (70.3 percent reduction below BAU by 2035) and the Long Term Low Emissions Development Strategy (net zero by 2050) demand rigorous decarbonization planning. This study develops an integrated LMDI LEAP framework to assess Ethiopia's decarbonization pathways to 2050, bridging historical driver decomposition with dynamic scenario simulation. Methods: Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition quantifies drivers of energy related CO2 emissions (2005-2020). The Long Range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) models four scenarios (BAU, Current Policies, Announced Policies Scenario - APS, and Net Zero Emissions - NZE) from 2022 to 2050. LMDI reveals that economic activity (+58 percent) and population (+38 percent) drove emission increases, while energy intensity improvements (-45 percent) partially offset growth, indicating a weak decoupling status (elasticity 0.54). Under BAU, emissions reach 214 MtCO2e by 2060. APS reduces emissions to 65 MtCO2e in 2035 (42 percent below BAU), approaching NDC 3.0 unconditional targets. NZE achieves energy sector emissions of 2.9 MtCO2e by 2050 (more than 90 percent reduction) through aggressive efficiency measures. Improved cookstoves reduce household demand by 55-57 percent, combined with full renewable electrification and end use switching. Ethiopia can meet NDC 3.0 targets with moderate policy effort, but achieving net zero requires transformative interventions, particularly in residential cooking and transport, backed by approximately US$157 billion in climate finance. Key priorities include energy intensity improvements, expansion of solar, wind, and geothermal energy, electrification of end uses, and mobilization of international support.
Co-Authors Anantasha Titisania Rimadewi Muhammad Ridwan Muhammad Ridwan