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All Journal International Journal of Applied Finance and Business Studies Baashima: Jurnal Bisnis Digital, Akuntansi, Kewirausahaan, dan Manajemen
Ratu Anggi Triani
Program Studi Manajemen, Universitas Pamulang
Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Social Sciences

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The effects of sales growth, leverage, and firm size on tax avoidance: Evidence from Indonesian manufacturing companies, 2021–2025 Ratu Anggi Triani; Febby Febriana; Indra Sulistiana
International Journal of Applied Finance and Business Studies Vol. 14 No. 1 (2026): June: Applied Finance and Business Studies
Publisher : Trigin Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35335/ijafibs.v14i1.516

Abstract

Corporate tax avoidance remains relevant in Indonesia because low effective tax payments may weaken fiscal capacity, particularly when firms face financing and recovery pressures. This study examines the associations of sales growth, leverage, and firm size with the cash effective tax rate (CETR) of manufacturing firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The final balanced sample comprises 10 firms and 50 firm-year observations for 2021–2025, selected through purposive screening for continuous listing, complete annual reports, and complete inputs for all variables. CETR is measured as cash taxes paid divided by profit before tax; therefore, a lower CETR indicates greater tax avoidance, whereas a higher CETR indicates lower tax avoidance. The available estimates were generated using pooled ordinary least squares as a baseline specification. Sales growth is negatively but not significantly associated with CETR (β = −0.142; p = 0.085), while leverage (β = 0.017; p = 0.012) and firm size (β = 0.013; p = 0.017) are positively associated with CETR. The model is jointly significant (F = 6.252; p = 0.001) and explains 29.0% of CETR variation (adjusted R² = 0.243). Because the dependent variable is CETR, the positive leverage and firm-size coefficients indicate higher cash tax rates and therefore lower—not higher—tax avoidance. Practically, tax authorities should prioritize persistent low-CETR patterns and the substance of financing arrangements rather than treating high leverage or large firm size as automatic evidence of avoidance. The contribution lies in clarifying the inverse interpretation of CETR and reassessing mixed evidence during the pandemic and early recovery period. Nevertheless, the small sample, detected heteroskedasticity, absence of fixed- or random-effects estimation, and lack of an ETR robustness test require cautious interpretation.
Analisis Perbandingan Kinerja Keuangan Terhadap Profitabilitas Bank Konvensional dan Bank Syariah di Indonesia: (Studi Kasus Pada Perusahaan Perbankan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2020-2024) Arip Budi Setiawan; Ratu Anggi Triani
Baashima : Jurnal Bisnis Digital, Akuntansi, Kewirausahaan, dan Manajemen Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026): Agustus
Publisher : PT. Alahyan Publisher Sukabumi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61492/baashima.v4i2.579

Abstract

This study aims to analyze differences in profitability between conventional and Islamic banks in Indonesia during the 2020-2024 period. The novelty of the study lies in an observation period that covers the pandemic, economic recovery, and accelerated banking digitalization. A comparative quantitative approach was applied using secondary data from the annual reports of 10 banks, consisting of five conventional banks and five Islamic banks. Profitability was measured using Return on Assets (ROA). Fifty observations were analyzed through descriptive statistics, the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, and the Mann-Whitney U test because one group was not normally distributed. The results show that Islamic banks recorded an average ROA of 2.9060%, higher than the 2.0844% average of conventional banks. Nevertheless, the Mann-Whitney test produced a significance value of 0.449, indicating that the hypothesis of a profitability difference was not supported. Therefore, differences in operating models did not produce a statistically significant profitability difference during the study period. The findings indicate that asset management efficiency, financing or credit quality, and cost control are more relevant in explaining banks ability to generate profits.
Co-Authors Arip Budi Setiawan Febby Febriana Indra Sulistiana