Anton Timur Jaelani
Astronomy Research Group, FMIPA, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia

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Pre-selection of Globular Clusters for Detecting Intermediate-Mass Black Holes via Microlensing Fatimah Zahra; Anton Timur Jaelani
Spektra: Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): SPEKTRA: Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya, Volume 11 Issue 1, April 2026
Publisher : Program Studi Fisika Universitas Negeri Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21009/SPEKTRA.111.02

Abstract

Intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) are the key to understanding the formation of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) that are typically found in centers of massive galaxies. In general definition, IMBHs are black holes masses ranging from 102 M⨀ to 105 M⨀. Black hole seeding theory suggests that IMBHs formed at high redshifts (z ≥ 0) through gravitational collapse of Population III stars, direct collapse of protogalaxy clouds, or stellar collisions inside high-density clusters. These IMBHs evolve into SMBHs through accretion and mergers. However, not all of these IMBHs are successful in forming SMBHs. Those that fail are hypothesized to be observable in the local universe, particularly in globular clusters and dwarf galaxies. IMBHs have yet to be definitively detected, however several strong candidates have been located in the cores of globular clusters. This study describes the preliminary selection stage of globular cluster candidates with the aim to look further into the possibility of detecting IMBHs via microlensing. The selection process was based on several physical properties of the globular clusters including mass, metallicity, and central velocity dispersion. Since background star density strongly affects microlensing detection probability, we restricted the sample to clusters located in the direction of the Galactic center. We utilized Gaia DR3 data to estimate background star density for selected globular clusters using proper motion filtering and Theil-Sen regression method. These estimates provide the foundation for further subsequent simulations of microlensing detection probabilities associated with central IMBHs.
Magnitude Transformation from RGB Bayer Filter to the Johnson-Cousins BVR Filter Based on CAT-ITB Telescope Photometric Observations of Selected Open Clusters Raihan Amirul Husana; Mahasena Putra; Anton Timur Jaelani; Chatief Kunjaya; Aliyya Nur Rahma; Firdaus Orvin Dwifauja Manalu
Spektra: Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026): SPEKTRA: Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya, Volume 11 Issue 2, August 2026
Publisher : Program Studi Fisika Universitas Negeri Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21009/SPEKTRA.112.05

Abstract

Photometry is one of the astronomical measurement methods that provides astronomers with information about the brightness of astronomical objects at various wavelengths. Over time, various photometric systems have been developed. Therefore, transformations are necessary to convert results from one photometric system to another, with the aim of facilitating scientific communication among researchers working with various photometric systems. The CAT-ITB, or City Astronomical Telescope ITB, is an 11-inch optical telescope located at CAS ITB, equipped with detectors, one of which is the ZWO ASI 183MC that uses the RGB Bayer filter. Hence, transformation equations from the RGB Bayer filter system to the Johnson-Cousins BVR filter system must be established. By utilizing transformation equations that have historically been widely used by previous researchers, this study focuses on deriving the coefficients needed to solve those equations. Observational data of open clusters M67, RU 135, IC 4665, and M11 were obtained using CAT-ITB, which were used to optimize the transformation equations. The coefficients derived from M67 photometric data yielded the best results. The total RMS values for the magnitude transformations of clusters M67, RU 135, IC 4665, and M11 in each of the BJohnson, VJohnson, and RCousins conversions are 0.296, 0.152, and 0.161 respectively. All transformations produced small residuals and colour-magnitude diagrams that closely resemble those from catalog data. This study contributes a validated set of transformation coefficients and zero-point constants specific to the CAT-ITB RGB Bayer detector system, offering a practical reference for converting RGB-based photometric observations into the standard Johnson-Cousins system for future small-telescope and citizen-science photometric research.