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All Journal Physical Therapy Journal of Indonesia
Muchsin Doewes
Faculty of Sports, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Nursing Public Health

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Differences in the effects of square stepping exercise and Otago exercise on dynamic balance based on body mass index in the elderly Wijianto; Muchsin Doewes; M. Furqon Hidayatullah; Febriani Fajar Ekawati
Physical Therapy Journal of Indonesia Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): January-June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Udayana dan Diaspora Taipei Medical University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51559/ptji.v7i1.364

Abstract

Background: The increasing elderly population in Indonesia face higher risks of balance disorders and falls, threatening independence. Exercise interventions, such as strength and balance training, can improve dynamic balance. This study aimed to analyze the differences in dynamic balance improvement between square stepping exercise and Otago exercise in older adults based on body mass index (BMI). Methods: The sample was randomly divided into two groups: square stepping exercise (SSE group) and Otago exercise (OT group). Dynamic balance was assessed using the timed up and go (TUG) test, conducted before and after the intervention. This study used a 2×3 factorial experimental design with purposive sampling. Older adults aged 60–75 years with good cognitive and walking ability were included, while those with sensory impairments, mobility limitations, or lower extremity disorders were excluded. Sixty eligible participants were randomly assigned to either the SSE group (n = 30) and the OT Group (n = 30). Data were analyzed using a 2×3 factorial ANOVA, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: This study found that both SSE and OT interventions significantly improved dynamic balance in older adults, as measured by pre- and post-intervention TUG test. Both groups showed reduced TUG test times: the OT group from 13.76 to 11.84 seconds, and the SSE group from 14.48 to 11.13 seconds. ANOVA analysis indicated that the type of exercise significantly affected dynamic balance (F(1.54) = 4.515; p=0.038), while BMI and its interaction showed no significant effect (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Both exercises improved dynamic balance in older adults. However, the SSE group showed greater effectiveness than the OT group. Exercise type significantly influenced balance outcomes, while BMI had no significant effect.
Battery of tests for return-to-sport assessment after knee injury in athletes Syahmirza Indra Lesmana; Sugiyanto; M. Furqon Hidayatullah; Muchsin Doewes; Sinu Andhi Jusup
Physical Therapy Journal of Indonesia Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): July-December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Udayana dan Diaspora Taipei Medical University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51559/ptji.v6i2.285

Abstract

Background: Knee injury is a common sports injury, and exercise therapy can be guided by functional and biological tests to assess healing and readiness to return to sport. This study aimed to develop a test battery to identify the most predictive functional test in determining the success of an exercise therapy program for sports injury. Methods: A test construction methodology was used, incorporating 8 field test instruments and TGF-β1 as a biological marker. Statistical methods, including multiple correlation and Wherry Doolittle test selection, were applied to develop a functional test model supporting post-injury sports therapy. Results: This study found no significant correlation between TGF-β1 and the single leg stance (p=0.160), single leg calf raise (p=0.902), vertical jump (p=0.344), shuttle run (p=0.794), and hop tests (p=0.555). However, significant correlations were found with the sit and reach test (p<0.001; r=0.471) and hexagonal agility test (p=0.019; r=-0.318). Multivariate linear regression showed that the single leg stance, sit and reach, and hexagonal agility tests were predictors of TGF-β1, with the single leg stance and sit and reach tests explaining 23% of its variance. Conclusion: Test battery arrangement for functional tests that were considered predictive include single leg stance and sit and reach tests, with low correlation values, which two tests in the form of single leg balance and sit and reach tests have a relationship with tissue healing. Additionally, several other tests were designed to determine the ability of athletes to RTS.
Co-Authors Febriani Fajar Ekawati M. Furqon Hidayatullah Sinu Andhi Jusup Sugiyanto Syahmirza Indra Lesmana Wijianto