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Effect of Synthesis Methods on the Characteristics of Fe₃O₄/rGO Nanocomposites and Their Potential for Electrochemical Sensing: A Systematic Review Indrawan Eka Badri; Kormil Saputra; Dian Wijaya Kurniawidi; Ishmah Luthfiyah
Frontier Advances in Applied Science and Engineering Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Tinta Emas Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59535/faase.v4i1.644

Abstract

Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposites have attracted considerable attention for electrochemical sensing because they combine the high electrical conductivity and large surface area of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with the magnetic and electrocatalytic properties of Fe₃O₄. This systematic review aims to evaluate recent advances in Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposites published between 2021 and 2026, with particular emphasis on the relationships among synthesis methods, material characteristics, and electrochemical sensing performance. The review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines using Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases. After systematic screening based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, five eligible experimental studies were included in the qualitative analysis. The findings demonstrate that synthesis parameters strongly influence the morphology, crystallinity, interfacial interactions, and electrochemical properties of Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposites. Hydrothermal and solvothermal methods generally produce more homogeneous and crystalline structures, whereas green synthesis and waste-derived precursors offer environmentally sustainable alternatives. Furthermore, multi-component systems incorporating conductive nanomaterials or polymers exhibit enhanced sensing performance through improved electron transfer and larger electroactive surface areas. Overall, Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposites represent a promising platform for electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Future research should focus on synthesis standardization, comprehensive material characterization, reproducibility, and sustainable fabrication strategies to accelerate practical sensor development.
Solar-Powered Smart Irrigation for Low-Carbon Agriculture: A Narrative Review and an RFID-Enabled Governance Framework for Indonesia Nur Janah; Kormil Saputra; Dian Wijaya Kurniawidi
Journal Electrical and Computer Experiences Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026): July-December
Publisher : Tinta Emas Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59535/jece.v4i2.700

Abstract

Solar pumping and smart irrigation are often combined as a technological solution to agricultural water, energy, and carbon constraints. Their sustainability, however, depends on more than replacing a diesel pump or automating a valve. This narrative review synthesizes evidence on solar-powered irrigation, soil- and climate-informed scheduling, Internet of Things architectures, rebound risk, and groundwater governance. It then translates the synthesis into IriTap, a conceptual radio-frequency identification (RFID)-enabled framework for Indonesian smallholder and communal irrigation. The literature indicates that sensors and automated control can improve the timing and quantity of irrigation, while photovoltaic pumping can sharply reduce operational fossil-energy use. Yet cheap marginal pumping energy may also encourage over-abstraction, and poorly calibrated sensors, unreliable connectivity, weak maintenance, or inequitable access can offset technical benefits. RFID is therefore positioned narrowly as an authentication, entitlement, and transaction-recording layer—not as a substitute for soil-moisture, flow, pressure, weather, or water-level sensing. The proposed architecture combines photovoltaic supply, appropriately sized pumping and storage, agronomic sensors, flow metering, local control, fail-safe valves, offline data logging, and transparent user rules. A staged validation agenda is specified using water delivery, energy, soil-moisture control, reliability, maintenance, and equity indicators; no untested performance claim is made. The review concludes that low-carbon irrigation should be evaluated as a water–energy–food governance system. Solar power and automation are enabling technologies, but sustainable outcomes require abstraction limits, agronomic calibration, local maintainability, shared accountability, and evidence from field trials.