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All Journal Indonesian Treasury Review: Jurnal Perbendaharaan, Keuangan Negara dan Kebijakan Publik
Marsandhi Evan Pardede
Directorate General of Treasury, Ministry of Finance, Padang, Indonesia
Economics, Econometrics & Finance

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Economy-Wide Impacts of Airfare VAT Incentives in Indonesia: A Social Accounting Matrix Approach Marsandhi Evan Pardede
Indonesian Treasury Review: Jurnal Perbendaharaan, Keuangan Negara dan Kebijakan Publik Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026): Indonesian Treasury Review: Jurnal Perbendaharaan, Keuangan Negara dan Kebijak
Publisher : Direktorat Jenderal Perbendaharaan, Kementerian Keuangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33105/itrev.v11i2.1341

Abstract

Research Originality – Unlike previous studies relied on regression techniques, which are limited to capture the direct and indirect impacts across the entire economy, this study using the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) in conjunction with Path Analysis approach to provide a more comprehensive analysis of the Government-borne VAT incentive on domestic airfare prices to captures economic-wide impacts on Wages, Gross Operating Surplus (GOS), Tax Revenue, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Research Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the economic impact of the Government-borne VAT incentive on domestic airfare prices during the 2025 Eid al-Fitr period, particularly regarding effects on Wages, GOS, Tax Revenue, and GDP. Research Methods – The SAM and Path Analysis were adopted to assess the impact of Government-borne VAT incentive on domestic airfare prices on Wages, GOS, Tax Revenue, and GDP. Empirical Results – The findings showed that the policy increases Indonesia’s GDP by approximately 0.27%–0.29%. Furthermore, Wages are projected to rise by 0.26%–0.28%, GOS by 0.29%–0.31%, and net Tax Revenues by 0.12%–0.13%, reflecting positive impacts across multiple economic indicators. Implications – The results implied that the policy increased mobility during the Eid al-Fitr period and contributed positively to Indonesia’s 2025 economic growth. For the Government, the policy could be extended to other major holidays, such as Eid al-Adha and Christmas, as well as implemented during periods of economic slowdown to support overall economic activity
Economy-Wide Impacts of Electricity Tariff Reductions in Indonesia: A Social Accounting Matrix Approach Marsandhi Evan Pardede
Indonesian Treasury Review: Jurnal Perbendaharaan, Keuangan Negara dan Kebijakan Publik Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): Indonesian Treasury Review: Jurnal Perbendaharaan, Keuangan Negara dan Kebijak
Publisher : Direktorat Jenderal Perbendaharaan, Kementerian Keuangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33105/itrev.v11i1.1345

Abstract

Research Originality — Previous studies have relied on regression techniques. In contrast, this study uses a more pragmatic method. It utilizes the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) in conjunction with Path Analysis to determine the holistic economic impact (both direct and indirect) of the reduction in electricity tariffs. This method will determine the impact of lowered electricity costs on various sectors, in terms of the outputs, wages, gross operating surplus (GOS), tax revenue, and gross domestic product (GDP) through various channels. Research Objectives — The objective of this study is to assess the economic-wide impact of 50% electricity tariff discount introduced in early 2025 in Indonesia, with a focus on changes in sectoral output, wages, GOS, tax revenues, and GDP. Research Methods — This study uses SAM multiplier and Path Analysis to assess the economic impact and show how tariff reductions affect wages, GOS, tax revenues, and GDP. Empirical Results — The results indicate that the policy increases Indonesia’s GDP by 0.12%. Growth occurs in several important sectors, including mining, manufacturing, electricity supply, construction, trade, transportation, and real estate. Furthermore, wages and GOS increase by 0.09% and 0.22% respectively, while tax revenues decline by 0.86%. Implications — The results imply that the electricity tariff reductions can contribute positively to Indonesia’s 2025 economic growth. For Government, it provides evidence that the policy shall be brought back at the start of the year to support economic growth, implemented similar actions during slowdowns, and boost tax collection to avoid revenue losses while the policy is running.
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