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All Journal Critical Medical and Surgical Nursing Journal Research Horizon
Ricky Wibowo
Department Of Surgery, Faculty Of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya
Arts Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Health Professions Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Nursing Social Sciences

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The Incidence of Surgical Site Infection and the Implementation of Prophylactic Antibiotic Use in General Surgery Patients Ricky Wibowo
Research Horizon Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Research Horizon - April 2026
Publisher : LifeSciFi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54518/rh.6.2.2026.1082

Abstract

Surgical Site Infection (SSI) occurs within 30 days after surgery or 90 days with an implant. Prophylactic antibiotics prevent SSI by reducing bacterial contamination, but misuse can increase infection risk and antibiotic resistance. This study aims to assess the incidence of SSI, types of surgery (clean or clean-contaminated), indications, and appropriateness of prophylactic antibiotics, and adherence to clinical guidelines. A retrospective observational design was used, analyzing secondary data at the General Surgery Clinic from March to June 2025. Adult patients (≥18 years) who received prophylactic antibiotics were included. Findings showed most patients were male, aged 18–25 and 46–55 years. Cefazolin was the most commonly used antibiotic (82.76%), followed by ceftriaxone (17.24%), primarily administered intravenously within 30 minutes before incision. Prophylactic antibiotic use was appropriate in 82.76% of cases, though timing adherence was low (35.63%). SSI incidence was 2.3%, occurring in both clean and clean-contaminated surgeries, with cases linked to ceftriaxone misuse. The study highlights the importance of stricter adherence to prophylactic antibiotic protocols, particularly regarding timing, to further reduce SSI risk.
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis and Its Association with Surgical Site Infection in General Surgery Patients: A Secondary Data Analysis at Universitas Airlangga Hospital Ricky Wibowo
Critical Medical and Surgical Nursing Journal Vol. 15 No. 2 (2026): JUNE 2026
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/cmsnj.v15i2.81234

Abstract

Introduction: Surgical site infection (SSI) occurs within 30 days after surgery or within 90 days if an implant is used. Appropriate surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis reduces SSI risk, while inappropriate use may promote antimicrobial resistance. This study evaluated SSI incidence and adherence to guideline, recommended prophylactic antibiotic practices.   Method: A A retrospective observational study was conducted using secondary data from adult patients undergoing general surgery at Universitas Airlangga Hospital (March–June 2025). Antibiotic selection, dosage, route, timing, and duration were assessed according to the hospital PPAB, ASHP guideline, and Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation No. 28/2021. Associations with SSI were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test.   Results: A total of 87 patients were included in the analysis. Cefazolin was the most frequently prescribed prophylactic antibiotic (82.76%), followed by ceftriaxone (17.24%). Compliance with guideline recommendations was achieved for antibiotic dosage, route of administration, and duration in all patients, whereas only 35.63% received prophylactic antibiotics within the recommended 30-60 minute interval before surgical incision. The overall incidence of SSI was 2.30%. No Significant association was observed between the timing or duration of prophylactic antibiotic administration and SSI occurrence (p>0,05). Among the evaluated patient and surgical characteristics, only ASA physical status classification was significantly associated with SSI (p=0.018).   Conclusions: Surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis at Universitas Airlangga Hospital generally adhered to guidelines for dosage, route, and duration, with a low SSI incidence. However, adherence to recommendations for antibiotic selection and timing of administration should be improved. Strengthening compliance with evidence-based protocols may further enhance antimicrobial stewardship and reduce SSI risk.
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