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All Journal Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences
Ananda Megha Wiedhar Saputri
Universitas Boyolali, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia.
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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ASEAN Open Sky Agreement and The Challenges to Indonesia's Airspace Sovereignty: An Analysis of Legal Harmonization and Protection of National Interests Vincent Raditya; Burham Pranawa; Ananda Megha Wiedhar Saputri; Sri Budi Raharjo
Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences Vol. 4 No. 3 (2026): (GIJLSS) Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences (July - Au
Publisher : Greenation Research & Yayasan Global Resarch National

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/gijlss.v4i3.914

Abstract

The ASEAN Open Sky Agreement is a regional integration instrument aimed at liberalizing air transportation services between ASEAN member states. For Indonesia, the implementation of this agreement has legal and economic consequences, particularly regarding airspace sovereignty, the application of the Cabotage principle, and the protection of national interests. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the ASEAN Open Sky Agreement in Indonesia, its impact on the national economy, and its harmonization with the national legal system. The study employs a normative juridical method, drawing on legislative, conceptual, and international approaches. The legal materials used include the 1944 Chicago Convention, ASEAN agreements in the field of aviation, Law Number 1 of 2009 concerning Aviation, and other related regulations. The results show that the implementation of the ASEAN Open Sky Agreement does not eliminate state sovereignty over airspace, but rather constitutes a form of exercising sovereignty through a valid international agreement. The Cabotage principle remains an important legal instrument in protecting the national aviation industry from the pressures of regional market liberalization. On the other hand, this policy provides economic benefits through increased connectivity, tourism, trade, and investment. Therefore, this study offers a legal harmonization model as an integrative approach in balancing aviation liberalization with the protection of national interests.
Hybrid Criminal Liability Based on Risk-Based Approach in Artificial Intelligence-Based Crimes in Indonesia Mohammad Erfan; Nanik Sutarni; Ananda Megha Wiedhar Saputri; Sri Budi Raharjo
Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences Vol. 4 No. 3 (2026): (GIJLSS) Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences (July - Au
Publisher : Greenation Research & Yayasan Global Resarch National

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/gijlss.v4i3.1125

Abstract

The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has introduced new challenges in criminal law, particularly regarding criminal liability in technology-based crimes. AI systems capable of operating semi-autonomously blur the relationship between the perpetrator, the act, and culpability, rendering the conventional fault-based principle of geen straf zonder schuld increasingly inadequate. This study aims to analyze the existing Indonesian criminal law framework governing AI-related crimes and to formulate an ideal model of criminal liability in response to such developments. This research employs a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that current regulations in Indonesia remain limited and have not comprehensively addressed the complexity of AI-based crimes. Accordingly, this study proposes a hybrid criminal liability model based on a risk-based approach, integrating strict liability, vicarious liability, and risk-based accountability as mechanisms for proportional responsibility distribution without recognizing AI as a legal subject. This model is expected to contribute to the reform of criminal law toward a more adaptive, responsive, and just legal system in addressing AI-related crimes.
Co-Authors Burham Pranawa Mohammad Erfan Nanik Sutarni Sri Budi Raharjo Vincent Raditya