Gonche Girma
Ethiopian Forestry Development, Central Ethiopia Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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Characterising Firewood and Charcoal Production and Marketing Systems in the Dryland Woodlands of Ethiopia Gonche Girma; Abebaw Shimeles
Sriwijaya Journal of Environment Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026): Sriwijaya Journal of Environment
Publisher : Program Pascasarjana Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22135/sje.2026.11.2.116-125

Abstract

Background: Rising woodfuel demand in Ethiopia — driven by population growth, urbanisation, poverty and unemployment — is depleting dryland woodlands, yet the people who produce and trade firewood and charcoal remain poorly characterised. Objective: To characterise woodfuel production and marketing across nine dryland sites in Ethiopia in order to inform sustainable demand- and supply-side management. Methods: A cross-sectional mixed-methods design combined a structured survey of 245 producers and traders with participatory rural appraisal, focus-group discussions and key-informant interviews, analysed within a Structure–Conduct–Performance framework using one-way ANOVA with η² and Tukey HSD, χ² with Cramér's V, multiple regression, principal component analysis and market-concentration indices (α = 0.05). Results: Charcoal producers (51.8%) and firewood collectors (29.0%) dominated a moderately concentrated sector (HHI = 3697; Shannon H′ = 1.18). Mean monthly charcoal income (12,492 ETB) significantly exceeded firewood income (8,656 ETB) (F = 137.1, p < 0.001, η² = 0.41). Production peaked in February (66.9%), January (63.8%) and August (51.0%); regression explained 41% of income variance (adjusted R² = 0.39, p < 0.001). Most firewood (77.9%) and charcoal (53.4%) sold in nearby towns; producers captured only 27.7% of the final charcoal price. Conclusion: Woodfuel is simultaneously a primary livelihood and an income-smoothing strategy; improved kilns, sustainable-harvesting licensing and better market access are needed to reconcile rural incomes with dryland-woodland conservation.
Characterize Firewood and Charcoal Production and Marketing in Dry Lands of Ethiopia Gonche Girma; Abebaw Shimeles
Journal of Development Economics and Digitalization Vol 5 No 1 (2026): JDED, February 2026
Publisher : Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59664/jded.v5i1.13629

Abstract

The demand of woodfuel shows an increasing trend mainly in urban areas of Ethiopia due population growth, urbanization, poverty and unemployment. This causes diminishing of natural forest resources especially acacia tree species in drylands of the country. Therefore, the main aim of the study is to characterize the production and marketing system of woodfuel for sustainable demand and supply side management. Data were considered from primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected mainly through household survey and through snowball sampling technique. A total of 245 households were interviewed who engaged in woodfuel production and trading in the drylands of Ethiopia. Findings indicate that charcoal producers (51.8%) and firewood collectors (28.9%) dominate the sector, with most households producing woodfuel year-round or during periods of cash need. Seasonal production is primarily driven by the need to supplement income, cope with shocks such as crop failure and livestock disease, and address household food shortages. The majority of woodfuel products are sold in nearby towns and villages, with fewer reaching regional and capital city markets. The study highlights the dual role of woodfuel production as a primary livelihood and an adaptive income source, underscoring the importance of sustainable production methods, improved market access, and policy interventions to enhance both economic and environmental outcomes. Keywords : charcoal; dryland; firewood; market; woodfuel   Abstrak Permintaan bahan bakar kayu menunjukkan tren peningkatan terutama di daerah perkotaan Ethiopia karena pertumbuhan penduduk, urbanisasi, kemiskinan, dan pengangguran. Hal ini menyebabkan berkurangnya sumber daya hutan alam terutama spesies pohon akasia di lahan kering negara ini. Oleh karena itu, tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkarakterisasi sistem produksi dan pemasaran bahan bakar kayu untuk manajemen sisi permintaan dan penawaran yang berkelanjutan. Data dipertimbangkan dari sumber primer dan sekunder. Data primer dikumpulkan terutama melalui survei rumah tangga dan melalui teknik pengambilan sampel bola salju. Sebanyak 245 rumah tangga diwawancarai yang terlibat dalam produksi dan perdagangan bahan bakar kayu di lahan kering Ethiopia. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa produsen arang (51,8%) dan pengumpul kayu bakar (28,9%) mendominasi sektor ini, dengan sebagian besar rumah tangga memproduksi bahan bakar kayu sepanjang tahun atau selama periode kebutuhan tunai. Produksi musiman terutama didorong oleh kebutuhan untuk menambah pendapatan, mengatasi guncangan seperti gagal panen dan penyakit ternak, dan mengatasi kekurangan pangan rumah tangga. Sebagian besar produk bahan bakar kayu dijual di kota-kota dan desa terdekat, dengan lebih sedikit yang mencapai pasar regional dan ibu kota. Studi ini menyoroti peran ganda produksi bahan bakar kayu sebagai mata pencaharian utama dan sumber pendapatan adaptif, menggarisbawahi pentingnya metode produksi berkelanjutan, peningkatan akses pasar, dan intervensi kebijakan untuk meningkatkan hasil ekonomi dan lingkungan. Keywords : arang; lahan kering; kayu bakar; pasar; bahan bakar kayu