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A Standard Deep Learning-Based Model That Integrates R3D-18 With RNN for Clip Classification and Transition Point Detection in Basketball Video Footages Aliga Paul; Joshua Nehinbe; Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Vol 13 No 1: June 2026
Publisher : Lamintang Education and Training Centre, in collaboration with the International Association of Educators, Scientists, Technologists, and Engineers (IA-ESTE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36079/lamintang.ijai-01301.883

Abstract

Research on basketball video clip analysis is rapidly emerging as a vital tool for coaching, player development, scouting, recruitment of coaches and players. Such analysis enhances post-game review, tactical planning, practice design, in-game adjustments, visual feedback and decision-making. However, many existing models lack robust architectures for transition detection, limiting their effectiveness. Additionally, high costs, limited customization, internet dependency and complex interfaces restrict widespread adoption of most models across professional and grassroots levels. To address these challenges, this paper implements a deep learning model with Python language. The model integrates Residual 3D Network with 18 layers (R3D-18) to capture spatial-temporal features, Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to perform feature extraction and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) to accomplish temporal modeling of offline basketball videos. Using entropy thresholding and top-k (i.e., top-10) accuracy metrics on four basketball datasets, the model performs clip-wise and video-level action classification with exceptional confidence, achieving 99.92% and 99.52% certainty that all the evaluative footages depict basketball videos. The model further detected no transitions in basketball_video1 and basketball_video3 while notable transitions appeared at clips 8 and 7 in basketball_video2 and basketball_video4, respectively corresponding to spikes in uncertainty likely caused by activity changes like switching from basketball to running. Average entropy scores of 4.787, 3.5341, 3.7912 and 3.1976 across datasets were reported, reflecting potentially elusive variations and uncertainties within clip-level predictions due to nuanced activity shifts despite strong overall classification confidence.
Automatic Pose Recognition in Basketball Videos Using Entropy, Mean and Standard Deviation Aliga Paul; Joshua Nehinbe; Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Vol 12 No 2: December 2025
Publisher : Lamintang Education and Training Centre, in collaboration with the International Association of Educators, Scientists, Technologists, and Engineers (IA-ESTE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36079/lamintang.ijai-01202.908

Abstract

Most existing models for automatic action recognition in basketball videos lack privacy-friendly analytics, versatility and explainability. So, coaches, players and analysts often invest substantial resources by relying heavily on visual appearance, ball tracking and court context. Unfortunately, this method can be resource-intensive and potentially susceptible to unforeseeable intrusions. This study proposes an entropy-based analytical model for automatic recognition of key basketball actions, designed to optimize the video review process to address the above limitations. The model is implemented with Python programming language to analyze entropy arrays, the mean and standard deviation values derived from 22 basketball game videos. Evaluation suggests that the model flagged basketball_Video2, Video3 and Video9 as containing key moments deserving closer inspection. This has successfully reduced the input datasets to just three critical videos (with mean and standard deviation pairs of 1.96 & 0.33, 2.05 & 0.31, and 1.94 & 0.20) that warrant detailed examination. This targeted filtering significantly improves review efficiency by conserving time and resources and effectively eliminated 19 videos deemed redundant or of lower priority. The approach demonstrates high precision in identifying impactful gameplay moments and addresses a long-standing challenge with workload reduction in basketball analytics without sacrificing review accuracy. Consequently, this method not only supports privacy-conscious analytics but also provides coaches, players and sports analysts with a more focused, resource-efficient framework they can adopt for performance evaluation and strategic decision-making in basketball.