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All Journal Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis
Wahyu Dita Saputri
Research Center for Hydrodynamics Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), The B. J. Habibie Science and Technology Area, South Tangerang, Banten 15314
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry

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NaHCO₃-Assisted Synthesis of Ni-Promoted Sulfated Mesoporous Silica for the Hydrocracking of Used Cooking Oil into Biogasoline Karna Wijaya; Marini Fairuz Vebryana; Niko Prasetyo; Aldino Javier Saviola; Wahyu Dita Saputri; Amalia Kurnia Amin; Latifah Hauli; Saharman Gea
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 1 Year 2026 (April 2026)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20531

Abstract

Biofuel production from biomass sources remains a key area of research, aimed at reducing reliance on fossil fuels and promoting environmental sustainability. This study investigates the conversion of used cooking oil (UCO) into biogasoline via catalytic hydrocracking, employing sulfated mesoporous silica dispersed with nickel as the catalyst. Mesoporous silica was synthesized using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and NaHCO₃ as the template, followed by a hydrothermal method to introduce sulfate groups and nickel metal. Among the synthesized catalysts, SMS-2 exhibited the highest acidity across varying sulfuric acid concentrations, while 1 Ni/SMS-2 demonstrated superior acidity compared to other nickel loadings. The SiO₂, SMS-2, and 1 Ni/SMS-2 catalysts were evaluated for UCO hydrocracking in a semi-batch double-furnace reactor operated at an optimum temperature of 550 °C for 2 h, with a hydrogen flow rate of 20 mL min⁻¹ under atmospheric pressure. Modifying mesoporous silica with sulfuric acid and nickel significantly enhanced its catalytic performance, with the 1 Ni/SMS-2 catalyst achieving the highest liquid product yield (66.10%) and gasoline fraction (35.47%) at an optimum catalyst-to-feed ratio of 1:100 (w/w). Notably, the resulting biogasoline exhibited a calorific value comparable to commercial gasoline and was free of aromatic hydrocarbons, indicating the potential for cleaner combustion. This study provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of mesoporous silica-based catalysts, highlighting their acid site modulation capabilities for efficiently transforming waste into high-value fuels. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Potential Application of Plant-Mediated Zirconia by Hydrothermal Method for Microwave-Assisted Bio-Jet Fuel Production Aldino Javier Saviola; Wega Trisunaryanti; Akhmad Syoufian; Unike Khaerani Salmayanti; Wahyu Dita Saputri; Amalia Kurnia Amin; Karna Wijaya
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 4 Year 2026 (December 2026) (Issue in Progress)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20823

Abstract

Waste and biomass valorization provide promising routes for biofuel production while addressing environmental challenges associated with conventional feedstocks and energy-intensive processing. In this study, plant-mediated zirconia (ZrO₂) was hydrothermally prepared using Sapindus rarak extract (SPE) and evaluated as a catalyst for microwave-assisted hydroprocessing of used cooking oil (UCO) and Calophyllum inophyllum L. oil (CIO). Phenolic compounds and saponins were the predominant constituents of SPE, while the prepared ZrO₂ exhibited a predominantly tetragonal crystalline structure, nanoscale particles, and mesoporous characteristics associated with interparticle voids. Under microwave irradiation at 550 °C, with an H₂ flow rate of 20 mL min⁻¹, a catalyst-to-oil mass ratio of 1:100 (w/w), and a reaction time of 30 min, the prepared ZrO₂ promoted the formation of C₈–C₁₆ hydrocarbons with a higher paraffin fraction compared with commercial monoclinic ZrO₂ and catalyst-free treatment. Bio-jet fuel selectivity and yield reached 56.03% and 19.51 wt% for UCO and 48.90% and 15.72 wt% for CIO, respectively. Three consecutive reuse cycles with UCO resulted in a gradual decline in bio-jet fuel yield, accompanied by changes in product distribution and the retention of organic species on the catalyst. Altogether, these findings indicate the potential of plant-mediated ZrO₂ for microwave-assisted hydroprocessing of waste-derived and non-edible oils, while further catalyst development is needed to improve catalytic performance and product quality. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Co-Authors Akhmad Syoufian Aldino Javier Saviola Aldino Javier Saviola Amalia Kurnia Amin Karna Wijaya Karna Wijaya Latifah Hauli Marini Fairuz Vebryana Niko Prasetyo Saharman Gea Unike Khaerani Salmayanti Wega Trisunaryanti