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All Journal CENDERAWASIH: Jurnal Antropologi Papua
muhammad Basir
Departemen Antropologi, Universitas Hasanuddin
Arts Humanities Environmental Science Social Sciences

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Ontologi dan Epistemologi Lulik: Menelusuri Fondasi Filosofis dalam Kosmologi Masyarakat Timor-Leste Alberto Alves Pereira; Pawennari Hijjang; muhammad Basir; Ahmad Ismail
CENDERAWASIH: Jurnal Antropologi Papua Vol 7 No 1 (2026): Juni 2026 [in press]
Publisher : Universitas Cenderawasih

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31957/jap.v7i1.5657

Abstract

ABSTRACT Studies on East Timorese culture have largely been dominated by exotic anthropological approaches or post-conflict socio-political analyses. Consequently, the metaphysics and indigenous knowledge systems of the society have rarely been systematically formulated within formal philosophical discourse. This study aims to examine how the concept of Lulik (the sacred) operates as an ontological foundation underlying the nature of being, as well as an epistemological basis that directs the way of knowing and validating the order of truth in the cosmology of the East Timorese people. As a philosophical inquiry rooted in ethno-philosophy, this study employs a critical literature review method utilizing a philosophical hermeneutics approach to profoundly interpret ethnographic texts, cultural symbols, and traditional structures of Timor-Leste. The findings indicate that Lulik is neither a mere myth, superstition, nor a primitive religious taxonomy, but rather a sophisticated ontological structure that determines the hierarchy of existence and the integral relationship between humans, nature, and ancestors (mate-bian). Furthermore, in the epistemological dimension, Lulik functions as a moral foundation and a performative truth-bearing instrument that validates ethical frameworks, customary laws (lisan), and the navigation of everyday life. This philosophical reconstruction underscores the urgency of positioning indigenous belief systems as independent philosophical structures in the decolonization of knowledge in Southeast Asia. Keywords: Lulik, ontology, epistemology, cosmology, Timor-Leste, cultural philosophy.
Rekonsiliasi Kosmis melalui Tradisi “Nahe Biti”: Tinjauan Etika Diskursus Penyelesaian Konflik Komunal Fivo Freitas; Hamka Naping; Yahya Yahya; muhammad Basir; Jayana Suryana Kembara
CENDERAWASIH: Jurnal Antropologi Papua Vol 7 No 1 (2026): Juni 2026 [in press]
Publisher : Universitas Cenderawasih

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31957/jap.v7i1.5671

Abstract

The resolution of communal conflicts at the grassroots level often reaches an impasse when relying solely on the state's positive-retributive legal approach, which tends to overlook the psychological and cultural restoration of the community. In Timor-Leste and its border regions, the traditional practice of Nahe Biti ("unrolling the mat") serves as an effective alternative mechanism for restoring post-conflict social relations. This study aims to analyze the communicative structure within the Nahe Biti tradition through the lens of Jürgen Habermas's Discourse Ethics (Diskursethik), exploring how a just peace consensus is locally produced. This study employs a qualitative-descriptive method with a Critical Ethnographic approach. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews with customary elders (Lian Nain), perpetrators, and victims of conflict, alongside participatory observation of the ritual reconstruction. The study reveals that the Nahe Biti tradition actualizes the "ideal speech situation" (ideale Sprechsituation) by flattening social hierarchies through the symbolic unrolling of the mat to ensure the inclusivity of all voices. However, Nahe Biti transcends Habermas’s secular rationality by integrating the dimension of "cosmic reconciliation." Peace does not merely bind human actors but also involves non-human entities (ancestors and nature) through blood sacrifice rituals and customary oaths (Tara Bandu). This study concludes that this cosmological-relational communication model offers a profound critique of Western transitional justice while theoretically contributing to the development of localized restorative justice models in Indonesia and the wider region.
Co-Authors Ahmad Ismail Alberto Alves Pereira Fivo Freitas Hamka Naping Jayana Suryana Kembara Pawennari Hijjang Yahya Yahya