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All Journal Salaga Journal
Abdul Azis
Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering

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 1 
Qualitative Study of Two and Four-Wheel Tractor Use in Timor-Leste’s Five Districts Arcanjo De Jesus; Iqbal Iqbal; Abdul Azis
Salaga Journal Volume 03, No. 2, December 2025
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Pertanian Universitas Hasanuddin

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70124/salaga.v3i2.1840

Abstract

Agricultural mechanization is increasingly promoted to address labor constraints and improve the timeliness of field operations in rice-based farming systems. This study qualitatively examines the use of two-wheel and four-wheel tractors in five districts of Timor-Leste (Manufahi, Covalima, Bobonaro, Manatuto, and Ainaro) and identifies key barriers and strategic implications for strengthening mechanization. Field data were collected through observation, questionnaires, and farmer interviews, and were synthesized using a SWOT (Strengths–Weaknesses–Opportunities–Threats) approach. Results indicate that tractor utilization remains limited across all districts, with most farmers reporting no tractor use (72.5–85.0%). A system-level assessment of four-wheel tractor (TR4) adequacy shows a substantial demand–availability gap: 124 units are available against an estimated requirement of 293 units (≈42.3% fulfillment), implying a shortfall of 169 units and potential bottlenecks during peak land preparation periods. District-level efficiency indications vary, suggesting different levels of operational pressure and the need for targeted interventions. The SWOT synthesis highlights productivity and efficiency gains as key strengths, while financial limitations, uneven distribution, and limited maintenance/spare-part access remain major weaknesses. Recommendations include strengthening operator and farmer training, improving maintenance and spare-part services (service centers and mobile repair), and enhancing access mechanisms such as managed hire services and context-appropriate financing to support reliable and timely tractor utilization
Planning a Micro-Hydro System for Irrigation and Agricultural Electrification in Campaga Village, Tompobulu District Wahdaniah Hamzah; Mahmud Achmad; Abdul Azis; Daniel Useng; Haerani Haerani; Syahrial Sabaniah
Salaga Journal Volume 03, No. 2, December 2025
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Pertanian Universitas Hasanuddin

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70124/salaga.v3i2.1852

Abstract

Dependence on fossil fuels and limited access to electricity and clean water are challenges to agricultural productivity in many rural areas of Indonesia, including Campaga Village. This study aims to plan an appropriate water energy conversion (pico-hydro) system to meet the operational energy needs of agriculture, particularly irrigation pumps and lighting. The planning began with measuring the potential of resources (discharge, head) and analyzing energy needs based on agricultural applications. The measurement results showed an average discharge of 0.134 m³/s with an effective head of 10.5 m, with the potential to generate mechanical power for pumps of 3.9 kW and electrical power of 2.2 kW. The needs analysis confirmed that this potential is more than sufficient to power one irrigation pump unit (~3 kW) and light 21 road lighting points (0.63 kW). The technical planning recommends the use of a crossflow turbine and a standard AC generator in accordance with the principles of appropriate technology: simple, locally maintainable, and directly integrated with agricultural needs. The conclusion of this study shows that the designed pico-hydro system is not only technically feasible but also has the potential to become strategic supporting infrastructure to improve irrigation water resilience, extend farming hours, and ultimately empower the economy of agrarian rural communities.
ESP32 IoT Auger‑Based Automatic Feeder for Fish Pellets Aqid Mukhtar; Ahmad Munir; Abdul Azis
Salaga Journal Volume 03, No. 2, December 2025
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Pertanian Universitas Hasanuddin

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70124/salaga.v3i2.2134

Abstract

Manual fish feeding in aquaponics often leads to inconsistent schedules and imprecise dosing, degrading water quality and system performance. This study designs and builds an ESP32‑based IoT automatic fish feeder using an auger dispensing mechanism controlled via the Blynk platform. The objectives are to develop a reliable feeder, calibrate dosing for different pellet sizes (1, 2, and 3 mm), and evaluate scheduling accuracy and dosing precision. The prototype consists of a 3 kg acrylic hopper (45° angle of repose), a cast‑iron auger, and an ESP32 control module with a servo and DC motor driven by an L298N driver. Calibration established linear models between servo rotation time and feed dose, and between motor PWM and throwing distance. Performance tests were conducted over three days with twice‑daily feeding. Results show strong linearity in calibration (dose–time R² > 0.997; PWM–distance R² > 0.92), perfect schedule adherence (zero delay at 08:00 and 15:00), and high dosing accuracy across pellet sizes, with average errors of 2.37% (1 mm), 3.04% (2 mm), and 2.94% (3 mm) (overall mean 2.78%). In conclusion, the system integrates mechanical reliability, electronic control, and IoT accessibility to deliver precise, scheduled, and remotely controllable feed management for aquaponics. The approach is practical and low‑cost, and it contributes to smart aquaculture by enhancing operational efficiency and reducing labor dependency.
Co-Authors Ahmad Munir Aqid Mukhtar Arcanjo De Jesus Daniel Useng Haerani Haerani Iqbal Iqbal Mahmud Achmad Syahrial Sabaniah Wahdaniah Hamzah