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United States Veto Power and Its Legal Implications for Palestinian Statehood Shofiah Nur Hikmah; Sonny Saptoajie Wicaksono; Sergi Fernandez Alejandro
Sangia Nibandera Law Research Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): Sangia Nibandera Law Research, December 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Sembilanbelas November Kolaka

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19653580

This study examines the use of the veto power by the United States within the United Nations Security Council and its impact on resolutions concerning the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Since 1972, the United States has exercised its veto 86 times, including 49 instances in which resolutions critical of Israel or calling for ceasefires were blocked. Employing a normative legal research methodology, this paper analyzes both the regulatory framework governing veto use and its practical application in this context. The findings indicate that the United States’ use of the veto reflects its strategic political interests and has significant implications for the dynamics of the conflict. In particular, the repeated exercise of this power has contributed to diplomatic stagnation, heightened regional tensions, and diminished the effectiveness of the United Nations Security Council in addressing conflicts in the Middle East. Furthermore, the study highlights the long-term consequences of United States foreign policy for Palestinian self-determination and underscores the structural challenges faced by the international community in pursuing an equitable and sustainable resolution. This research contributes to ongoing debates on the role of great power influence within multilateral institutions and emphasizes the need for institutional reforms to promote greater fairness, accountability, and effectiveness in global governance.

The Broken Bridge: Are Religious Courts Upholding the Promise of Post-Divorce Support for Women and Children in Indonesia? Ahsanul Fahmi; Arlo Benjamin Scott; Souad Ahmed Ezzerouali; Sergi Fernandez Alejandro
Journal of Private and Commercial Law Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025): November, 2025
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jpcl.v9i2.34530

Women and children occupy a distinct and vulnerable position within the Indonesian legal system, particularly in post-divorce situations. Although statutory provisions and Supreme Court regulations establish a normative foundation for protecting their rights, implementation remains inconsistent across judicial practices. This study examines the evolving role of the Religious Courts in ensuring the fulfillment of women’s and children’s rights after divorce. Using a normative juridical method with statute and conceptual approaches, the research explores the gap between legal norms and enforcement. Findings reveal that despite the limited number of divorce rulings explicitly addressing alimony, the Supreme Court has initiated significant reforms through Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung (SEMA), strengthening judicial authority to defend vulnerable parties. Furthermore, innovative practices observed in the Religious Courts of Surabaya, Gresik, Bengkulu, and Bontang—such as salary deductions, digital monitoring systems, and inter-agency collaboration—demonstrate effective institutional interconnection in enforcing alimony. The novelty of this research lies in identifying an emergent model of cross-sectoral collaboration within the judiciary that bridges normative law and practical enforcement. Its primary contribution extends beyond the Indonesian context by offering an applicable framework for other jurisdictions facing similar challenges in the protection of women and children’s post-divorce rights. This study underscores that institutional synergy and digital governance can serve as globally relevant strategies for achieving sustainable legal protection and advancing social justice.

Electoral Democracy, Oligarchic Continuity: Why Political Change Does Not Always Mean Structural Reform in Indonesia Mamonto Moch. Andry Wikra Wardhana; Sergi Fernandez Alejandro; Ridwan Arifin; Mashaallah Othman Alzwae; Adie Dwiyanto Nurlukman
Indonesia Discourse Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): July-December, 2026
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/indi.v3i2.65512

Indonesia’s democratic institutions have enabled regular electoral competition and peaceful transfers of executive power, yet questions remain about the extent to which electoral change transforms the underlying distribution of political and economic influence. The persistence of elite networks, concentrated resources, and patronage relationships provides a basis for examining the relationship between democratic procedures and substantive political reform. This study proposes to investigate how elite continuity operates within Indonesia’s post-Reformasi political system and how it shapes opportunities for institutional change. Drawing on theories of political oligarchy, elite reproduction, and democratic accountability, the research would employ qualitative process tracing and critical analysis of selected policy episodes. Sources would include legislative records, party documents, campaign-finance disclosures where available, public statements, and relevant investigative reporting and scholarly literature. The analysis would examine relationships among political financing, elite networks, policy bargaining, and the distribution of influence over selected public decisions. Rather than assuming that all policy continuity reflects oligarchic control, the study would distinguish between institutional constraints, legitimate policy preferences, and demonstrable mechanisms of elite influence. This distinction is essential for developing empirically defensible explanations of democratic persistence and reform limitations. The research aims to contribute to comparative debates on democratic consolidation in emerging economies by examining how formal electoral competition interacts with informal power structures. Its broader implications concern political transparency, party institutionalization, campaign-finance regulation, and mechanisms for strengthening substantive democratic accountability in Indonesia.

Electoral Democracy, Oligarchic Continuity: Why Political Change Does Not Always Mean Structural Reform in Indonesia Mamonto Moch. Andry Wikra Wardhana; Sergi Fernandez Alejandro; Ridwan Arifin; Mashaallah Othman Alzwae; Adie Dwiyanto Nurlukman
Indonesia Discourse Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): July-December, 2026
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/indi.v3i2.65512

Indonesia’s democratic institutions have enabled regular electoral competition and peaceful transfers of executive power, yet questions remain about the extent to which electoral change transforms the underlying distribution of political and economic influence. The persistence of elite networks, concentrated resources, and patronage relationships provides a basis for examining the relationship between democratic procedures and substantive political reform. This study proposes to investigate how elite continuity operates within Indonesia’s post-Reformasi political system and how it shapes opportunities for institutional change. Drawing on theories of political oligarchy, elite reproduction, and democratic accountability, the research would employ qualitative process tracing and critical analysis of selected policy episodes. Sources would include legislative records, party documents, campaign-finance disclosures where available, public statements, and relevant investigative reporting and scholarly literature. The analysis would examine relationships among political financing, elite networks, policy bargaining, and the distribution of influence over selected public decisions. Rather than assuming that all policy continuity reflects oligarchic control, the study would distinguish between institutional constraints, legitimate policy preferences, and demonstrable mechanisms of elite influence. This distinction is essential for developing empirically defensible explanations of democratic persistence and reform limitations. The research aims to contribute to comparative debates on democratic consolidation in emerging economies by examining how formal electoral competition interacts with informal power structures. Its broader implications concern political transparency, party institutionalization, campaign-finance regulation, and mechanisms for strengthening substantive democratic accountability in Indonesia.

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