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All Journal Insight : International Journal of social research Indonesian Cyber Law Review
Syahrul Anwar
Politeknik Siber Cerdika Internasional, Indonesia
Humanities Computer Science & IT Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice

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Comparison Of Clustering Algorithms In Analyzing E-Commerce Data From Kaggle Syahrul Anwar; Erwin iskandar
International Journal of Social Research Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): Insight : International Journal of Social Research
Publisher : Worldwide Research Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59888/insight.v4i1.105

Abstract

The rapid growth of the e-commerce industry produces a huge volume of transaction data, so the right data analysis techniques are needed to extract valuable information for business decision-making purposes. This study aims to compare the performance of three clustering algorithms, namely K-Means, DBSCAN, and Hierarchical Clustering, in analyzing e-commerce datasets sourced from the Kaggle platform. The dataset used is "Online Retail II" published by Daqing Chen through the UCI Machine Learning Repository and Kaggle, containing 541,909 transactions from an online retail company in the UK; After the data cleansing process, a total of 406,829 valid transactions from 4,372 unique customers were used as the basis for analysis. The data was analyzed using the RFM (Recency, Frequency, Monetary) approach as the basis for clustering features for customer segmentation. The algorithm performance evaluation was carried out using three internal validation metrics, namely the Silhouette Score, the Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI), and the Calinski-Harabasz Index (CHI). The results showed that K-Means with k=3 produced the best performance with a Silhouette Score of 0.612 and the lowest DBI of 0.842, followed by Hierarchical Clustering with the Ward and DBSCAN methods. K-Means also excels in computing efficiency with an execution time of 1.23 seconds, much faster than Hierarchical Clustering which takes 8.72 seconds. The resulting segmentation identified three main customer groups: High-value Customers, 31.0%, Medium-value Customers, 43.3%, and passive or at-risk customers (Low-value/At-Risk Customers, 25.7%). These findings provide practical implications that can be directly applied by e-commerce businesses, particularly in designing segmented marketing strategies, loyalty programs, and customer reactivation campaigns based on the choice of clustering algorithms that match their data characteristics and business analytics needs.
Legal Analysis of The NFT (Non-Fungible Token) Based Digital Vaccine Certificate System in Digital Free Trade: Security, Privacy, and International Recognition Aspects Vasio Sarmento Soares; Sundaru Guntur Wibowo; Syahrul Anwar
Indonesian Cyber Law Review Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): Indonesian Cyber Law Review
Publisher : Politeknik Siber Cerdika Internasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59261/iclr.v2i2.36

Abstract

This study analyzes the legal framework of Non-Fungible Token (NFT)-based digital vaccine certificates in the context of digital free trade, focusing on security, privacy, and international recognition. Using normative and comparative legal research methods with a multidisciplinary approach, the study integrates perspectives from law, digital technology, and international policy. The study examines three main aspects: first, security, evaluating how NFTs ensure authenticity, data integrity, and protection against manipulation through encryption, blockchain, and smart contracts; second, privacy, analyzing how personal data and the privacy rights of certificate holders are protected under national and international regulations, emphasizing data minimization, user consent, and secure access; and third, international recognition, assessing the extent to which NFT-based certificates can be recognized globally, highlighting regulatory harmonization and legal barriers. The findings indicate that NFT-based vaccine certificates provide strong technical security and privacy protection, but legal recognition across jurisdictions remains inconsistent. The study concludes that while NFTs have significant potential to facilitate secure and verifiable digital health credentials in global trade, harmonization of national and international regulations and the implementation of legal standards are crucial to ensure their effectiveness and legal validity worldwide.
Co-Authors Erwin iskandar Sundaru Guntur Wibowo Vasio Sarmento Soares