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Analysis of Inputs in the Sexually Transmitted Infection Screening with Voluntary Counselling and Testing Program for Female Prisoners at Class II A Jail, in Malang Rosyidah Alfitri; Argyo Demartoto; Eti Poncorini Pamungkasari
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol. 1 No. 2 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health

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Background: The increasing incidences of Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) and Human Immonodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection are becoming serious public health concerns in Indonesia and other countries. These issues are of concern that call for close attention not only for general public but also for male and female prisoners. As studies have shown the prevalences of HIV and syphilis were 1.1% and 5.1% in male prisoners, respectively, 6% and 8.5% in female prisoners. For those reasons, at some jails Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) have been provided for HIV/AIDS control and prevention. The success of the screening program with VCT would depend on the provision of supplies, equipment, infrastructure, health personnel, and fund. This study aimed to analyze the adequacy of various inputs in the STI screening program with VCT for prisoners at the Class II A female jail, in Malang, East Java.Subjects and Method: This was a qualitative study with evaluation approach. This study was conducted at the Class II A female jail, in Malang, East Java. The study applied CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) evaluation model. Key informants for this study included health personnels at the Class II A female jail clinics, in Malang, East Java, the STI mobile health care team from Arjuno Community Health Center Malang, and female prisoners, who were known as Warga Binaan Pemasyarakatan (WBP)Results: Average monthly visits at the VCT clinic were 21 female prisoners, which amounted to only a few of the total number of female prisoners. The health care team involved in the STI screening with VCT program, included skilled health personnel from the jail and the mobile STI team from Arjuno Community Health Center, Malang. The sources of fund for these programs came from the international as well as domestic funding agencies. The international funding came from the Global Fund. The domestic funding came from the Ministry of Law and Human Civil Rights, and the Municipality Health Office Malang, which provided reagents and medicine. Supplies, equipments, and infrastructure, were provided by Arjuno Community Health Center Malang and the Class II A female jail clinics, in Malang. The laboratory was provided by the health center. The reagents were sufficiently provided by the municipality health office, although there was a supply delay in February 2016.Conclusion: Inputs of the STI screening with VCT program at the Class II A female jail clinics, in Malang, East Java, which included supplies, equipment, infrastructure, health personnel, and funding, are sufficiently provided. Keywords: analysis, input, screening, STI, VCTCorrespondence: Rosyidah Alfitri. Diploma III School of Midwifery, Dr. Soepraoen Hospital, Malang. Email: elfitri.mafaza@gmail.com.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2016), 1(2): 118-124https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2016.01.02.05

Association Between Participation in HIV/ AIDS Peer Group, Stigma, Discrimination, and Quality of Life of People Living with HIV/ AIDS Mia Ashari Kurniasari; Bhisma Murti; Argyo Demartoto
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol. 1 No. 2 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health

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Background: The quality of life of people living with HIV/ AIDS (PLH) is of public health concern and calls for attention. The quality of life of PLH may be affected by stigma and discrimination. Peer group of PLHs may have an important role in improving the quality of life of PLHs. This study aimed to investigate the association between participation in HIV/ AIDS peer group, stigma, discrimination, and quality of life of PLHs.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic and observational study with cross sectional design. This study was conducted in Tulungagung, East Java, from November, 2016 to January, 2017. A total of 65 PLHs participating in HIV/ AIDS peer group and 35 PLHs not participating in HIV/ AIDS peer group were selected for this study by fixed exposure sampling. The dependent variable was quality of life of PLHs. The independent variables were participation in HIV/ AIDS peer group, stigma, and discrimination. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis model.Results: Participation in HIV/ AIDS peer group (b=0.27; p=<0.001), social support (b=0.43; p=<0.001), and family support (b=0.18 p=0.021), had positive associations with a decrease in stigma and discrimination towards PLHs. Higher income (b=0.33; p=0.026), higher education level (b=0.21; p=<0.001), less stigma and discrimination (b=0.33; p=<0.001), had positive associations with quality of life of PLHs. Core self evalution showed positive association with quality of life of PLHs (b=0.31; p=<0.001).Conclusion: Participation in HIV/ AIDS peer group, social support, and family support, are positively associated with a decrease in stigma and discrimination towards PLHs. Higher income, higher education, less stigma and discrimination, are positively associated with quality of life of PLHs. Core self evalution is positively associated with quality of life of PLHs.Keywords: HIV/ AIDS peer group, stigma, discrimination, social support, family support, quality of lifeCorrespondence: Mia Ashari Kurniasari. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: Deandagelis@gmail.com. Mobile: 0851216175293.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2016), 1(2): 125-132https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2016.01.02.06

Phenomenology Study: Community Non Acceptance of Children with HIV/AIDS in Surakarta Fetty Rosyadia Wachdin; Bhisma Murti; Argyo Demartoto
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol. 1 No. 3 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health

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Background: There were 13 cases of children with HIV/AIDS in Surakarta in 2016. They were infected from their mothers. These children got stigma and discrimination from the community due to their HIV positive status. This study aimed to describe stigma and discrimination from the community to the children with HIV/AIDS.Subjects and Method: This was a qualitative study with phenomenology approach. This study was conducted at Rumah Singgah Lentera (Halfway House Lentera), Surakarta. The key informants for this study included managers of Rumah Singgah Lentera, fulltime secretary, children with HIV, and community members living in the neighborhood. The data were collected by in-depth interview, and then grouped into coding units and described and analyzed.Results: The community surrounding Rumah Singgah Lentera, Surakarta, viewed children with HIV/AIDS as a disgrace. Various kinds of discrimination such as non-acceptance, alienation, restriction have been addressed by the community to the children with HIV/AIDS. The community has also stigmatized managers of Rumah Singgah Lentera, Surakarta, that they were also HIV infected and made profit of HIV/AIDS donation they received. This stigma occured because of lacking in HIV/AIDS knowledge, particulary its mode of transmission. Stigma and discrimination have caused psychological disorder among children with HIV/AIDS. They often feel sad, alienated, and cry, so that they often withdraw from their social environment. In term they feel dispair and decline to take ARV drugs.Conclusion: there is a need to enhance knowledge in HIV/AIDS, its mode of transmission, method of prevention, and its treatment for the community, in order to repress stigma and discrimination from the community.Keywords: HIV/AIDS, children, stigma, discrimination.Correspondence: Fetty Rosyadia Wachdin. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: fettyrosyadia@gmail.comJournal of Epidemiology and Public Health, 1(3): 148-153https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2016.01.03.01

Factors Associated with Early Marriage in Sleman, Yogyakarta Nurul Husna; Argyo Demartoto; Supriyadi Hari Respati
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 1 No. 2 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University

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Background: Early marriageis a complex social issue with indirect implication on the quality of family. Early marriage can indirectly contribute to increasing maternal mortality rate and infant mortality rate. There were 135 early marriage cases reported in Sleman district in 2013, 150 cases in 2014, and 123 cases in 2015. The purpose of this study was to analyze factors associates with the incident of early marriage in Sleman, Yogyakarta.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case control design conducted in Sleman, Yogyakarta, Central Java, in Indonesia, August to November 2016.A total sample of 120 study subjects consisting of 40 early married young couples and 80 in time married young couples, was selected for this study, by purposive sampling. The dependent variable was early marriage. The indipendent variables included family disharmony, emotional insecurity, promiscuity tendency, unintended pregnancy, maternal education, family social economic class, parent perception of early marriage, and local culture regarding early marriage. The data were collected by questionnaire and document review at the office of religious affairs. The data were analyzed by path analysis using STATA 13.Results: There were direct relationships between unintended pregnancy (b= 3.40; CI95%= 1.08–5.71; p=0.004), income (b=-1.58; CI95%=0.58 sd 2.18; p= 0.001), promiscuity tendency (b=1.93; CI95%=-3.11–0.06; p=0.042), parent perception of early marriage (b=2.75; CI95%=0.49-5.02; p=0.017), local culture regarding early marriage (b=5.62; CI95%=2.63–8.62; p<0.001) and the incidence of early marriage. There were indirect relationsh e. ips between family disharmony, emotional security, promiscuity tendency, maternal education, and incident of early marriage.Conclusion: There were direct relationships between unintended pregnancy, social economic class, promiscuity tendency, parent perception of early marriage, local culture regarding early marriage and the incidence of early marriage.Keywords: Early marriage, family disharmony, unintended early married, local culturCorrespondence: Nurul Husna. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016), 1(2): 87-98https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.02.04

Path Analysis on the Factors Associated with Consistent Use of Female Condom among Female Sex Workers in Surakarta Rizka Ayu Setyani; Ari Natalia Probandari; Argyo Demartoto
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 1 No. 2 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University

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Background: Female condom is an alternative method to prevent HIV/ AIDS transmission. However, its utilization is low and scanty among female sex workers. It is important to have knowledge on the factors that determine female condom use. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with the acceptance and use of female condom among female sex workers in Surakarta.Subjects and Method: It was an analytic and observational study using case control design. The study was conducted at a prostitution area in Surakarta, Central Java, from August to September 2016. A total of 230 female sex workers consisting of 110 female sex workers who used female condoms and 120 female sex workers who did not use female condoms, was selected purposively in this study. The dependent variables were acceptance and use of female condom. The independent variables were sex partner support, peer educator support, and pimp support. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis model.Results: Acceptance of female condom was associated with its use among female sex workers (b = 0.30; p < 0.001). Peer educator support was associated with acceptance of female condom (b = 0.06; p < 0.001). Peer educator support (b = 0.03; nilai p = 0.012) and sex partner support (b = 0.05; p = 0.042). The association between acceptance of female condom and pimp support was not statistically significant (p = 0.133).Conclusion: Peer educator support and sex partner support have direct association with both acceptance and use of female condom among female sex workers. Keywords: path analysis, support, sex partner, peer educator, consistant use, female condom, female sex workersCorrespondence: Rizka Ayu Setyani. School of Midwivery, Respati University, Yogyakarta. Email: bidanrizkaayusetyani@gmail.comJournal of Health Promotion and Behavior(2016), 1(2): 120-126https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.02.07

Effect of Knowledge, Peer Group, Family, Cigarette Price, Stipend, Access to Cigarette, and Attitude, on Smoking Behavior R. Asto Soesyasmoro; Argyo Demartoto; Rita Benya Adriani
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 1 No. 3 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University

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Background: Passive smokers inhale 75% of ambient smoke and 50% of exhaled smoke. A cigarette contains 4.000 poisonous chemical agents, at least 69 of which are carcinogenic. Therefore ambient tobacco smoke is detrimental to health. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of knowledge, peer group, family, cigarette price, stipend, access to cigarette, and attitude, on smoking behavior.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic and observational study with cross sectional design. This study was conducted at School of Health Polytechnics, Surakarta, Central Java. A total of 105 male students was selected for this study. The dependent variable smoking status. The independent variables knowledge, peer group, family, cigarette price, stipend, access to cigarette, and attitude. The data were collected by a set of questionnaire, and were analyze by logistic regression model. Results: High smoking peer group (OR= 3.21; 95% CI=1.18- 8.72; p= 0.022), high stipend (OR= 3.66; 95% CI= 1.28-10.49; p= 0.016), convenient access to cigarette (OR= 3.02; 95% CI= 1.04 to 8.73; p= 0.042) increased the likelihood of smoking. High knowledge about tobacco smoking (OR= 0.35; 95% CI=0.13-0.95; p = 0.039) and non-smoking family (OR= 0.16; 95% CI=0.03 to 0.70; p= 0.015) decreased the likelihood of smoking. High price of cigarette (OR= 0.86; 95% CI= 0.23 to 3.19; p= 0.819) and possitive attitude (OR= 0.88; 95% CI= 0.33 to 2.36; p= 0.795) did not show statistically significant effect on smoking.Conclusion: Smoking peer group, stipend, access to cigarette increase the probability of smoking. Knowledge about tobacco smoking and non-smoking family decrease the probability of smoking.Keywords: knowledge, peer group, family, cigarette price, stipend, access to cigarette, attitude, smoking behaviorCorrespondence: R. Asto Soesyasmoro.School of Health Polytechnics, Surakarta. Email: asto_monti@yahoo.co.id.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016), 1(3): 201-210https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.03.07

Path Analysis on the Factors Affecting People’s Behavior in HIV/AIDS Countermeasure on People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Solo Plus Peer Support Group, Surakarta Kingkin Adita; Argyo Demartoto; Eti Poncorini Pamungkasari
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 2 No. 1 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University

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Background: HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a virus that infects white blood cells so the person’s immunity declining thus causing it to become AIDS. HIV/AIDS countermeasure is far more effectively done by people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) accompanied by good attitude and peer support, family, and health workers, Regional AIDS Countermeasure Commission, perceived behavioral control, and positive intention. The study aimed to analyze factors affecting the attitude in HIV/AIDS countermeasure on PLWHA in Solo Plus Peer Support Group (PSG) Surakarta with theory of planned behavior application. Subjects and Methods: The study design was analytic observational with cross sectional study approach. The location of the study was Solo Plus Peer Support Group Surakarta. Time of study was from January-February 2017. There was a total of 100 PLWHA as the sample, and the study employed purposive sampling technique. The dependent variable was the attitude towards HIV/AIDS countermeasure. The independent variables were the attitude, peer, family, health workers, Regional AIDS Countermeasure Commission support, perceived behavioral control and their intention. The variables were measured with questionnaires. Data analysis technique used was path analysis.Results: HIV/AIDS countermeasure attitude affected by intention(b=0.27; SE=0.10; p=0.012), peer support (b=0.26; SE=0.14, p= 0.066), AIDS Countermeasure Commission support (b=0.10; SE=0.10; p= 0.321), health workers support (b= 0.25, SE= 0.14, p= 0.073) and perceived behavioral control (b=0.23; SE=0.13; p=0.065). Intention affected by attitude (b=0.28; SE=0.15; p=0.059), peer support (b=0.29; SE= 0.13; p= 0.026), family support (b=0.16; SE=0.09, p= 0.090) and perceived behavioral control (b=0.21; SE= 0.11; p= 0.090).Conclusion: HIV/ AIDS countermeasure behavior was very much affected by the intention, peer support, AIDS Countermeasure Commission support, health worker support, and perceived behavioral control. Their intention was affected by attitude, peer support, family support, and perceived behavioral control.Keywords: HIV, PLWHA, TPB, countermeasure.Correspondence: Kingkin Adita. Masters Program in Public Heath, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: kingkin_adita@gmail.com. Mobile: 085726389133.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2017), 2(1): 41-54https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2017.02.01.04

Health Belief Model on Psychosocial Factors Influencing HIV/AIDS Prevention Behavior on Lesbian Community in Surakarta Maria Paula Marla Nahak; Argyo Demartoto; Bhisma Murti
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 2 No. 1 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University

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Background: HIV/AIDS keeps on becoming a global problem. Even though there are some scientific breakthroughs on the disease and how to prevent, most people are still under the risk to contract it. The number of HIV/AIDS incidences on lesbian is still low, up to the point of considering them as low risk. This study was aimed to analyze Health Belief Model on the psychosocial factors that influence HIV/AIDS prevention behavior in lesbian community in Surakarta.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic qualitative study with phenomenology approach, conducted at Talita Kum Community, Surakarta. Key informant in this study was the Head of Talita Kum Community, with their members as main informants, and supporting informants from the health workers, Non-Government Organization and Regional Commission on AIDS Prevention (KPAD), selected by purposive and snowball sampling. The data were collected by in-depth interview, non-participating observation, and document review. The data were analyzed by Miles and Huberman method.Results: The lesbian community in Surakarta is quite knowledgeable on the HIV/AIDS concept. But they still did not have enough understanding of how to prevent it. This could be very beneficial to lessen the chance of HIV from spreading and evolving into AIDS. The study result stated that the lesbian community did not consider themselves to be on the risk. Therefore, they lack the preventing method. However, bisexual woman considered herself to be at high risk; therefore, she regularly conducted medical check-up.Conclusion: The knowledge of HIV/AIDS risk factors on lesbian have to be socialized so they could take the proper prevention steps.Keywords: lesbian, health belief model, psychosocial factorCorrespondence: Maria Paula Marla Nahak. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: marlanahak858@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282328282282.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2017), 2(1):15-26https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2017.02.01.02

Effect of Sexual Knowledge and Attitude, Exposure to Electronic Media Pornography, Peer Group, and Family Intimacy, on Sexual Behaviors among Adolescents in Surakarta Yeni Wardhani; Didik Tamtomo; Argyo Demartoto
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol. 2 No. 2 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University

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Background: Globalization has tremendous impact on adolescent behaviors, including sexual behavior. Sexual behaviors that exceed socially accepted norms may result in undesireable impact adolescent health. Many factors can affect the sexual behavior of adolescents, both from within and from outside the adolescent self. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sexual knowledge and attitude, exposure to electronic media pornography, peer group, and family intimacy, on sexual behaviors among adolescents.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study using cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at SMA Negeri Kota Surakarta, Central Java, from March to April 2017. A sample of 100 students were selected for this study by multi-stage sampling. The dependent variable was sexual behaviour. The independent variables were sexual knowledge, attitude toward sex, exposure to electronic pornography, peer group, and family intimacy. The data were collected by a set of pre-tested questionnaire. Path analysis was employed for data analysis.Results: Adolescent sexual behavior was affected by sexual knowledge (b=0.16; SE=0.05; p=0.006), attitude toward sex (b=0.18; SE=0.06; p= 0.005), exposure to electronic pornography (b=-0.13; SE=0.05; p=0.026), peer group (b=0.06; SE=0.03; p= 0.042), and family intimacy (b=0.07; SE=0.03; p=0.038). Sexual knowledge was affected by exposure to electronic pornography (b=-0.20; SE=0.09; p=0.037), and peer group (b=0.14; SE=0.05; p=0.005). Attitude toward sex was affected by exposure to electronic pornography (b=-0.21; SE=0.08; p=0.013), sexual knowledge (b=0.14; SE=0.08; p=0.110), and group (b=0.12; SE=0.05; p=0.009). Conclusion: Sexual behavior of adolescents is directly affected by their sexual knowledge, attitude toward sex, exposure to electronic pornography, peer group, and family intimacy.Keywords: sexual behavior, exposure to electronic pornography, PRECEDE PROCEED model, path analysisCorrespondence: Yeni Wardhani. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: ynwardhani@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285244390776.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2017), 2(2): 138-147https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2017.02.02.04

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